Small-scale fishers’ adaptations to change: The role of formal and informal credit in Paraty,Brazil

Small-scale fishers in coastal areas of Brazil face numerous challenges, including marginalization by large-scale industrial operations, poor market access, lack of working capital, and pressure to diversify their livelihood base. From the perspective of adaptive capacity, this investigation was carried out in three communities in the municipality of Paraty (Rio de Janeiro State), and sought to determine the main challenges facing local fishers, and fishers’ current adaptive and transformative actions against these challenges. Findings revealed that the majority of fishers (55%) own mid-size diesel boats (6–9 m) and face constant pressure to scale-up and diversify operations to take advantage of the growing tourism sector. Such expansion requires financial capital. However, due to fear of losing assets, inability to arrange a co-signer, and lack of adequate collateral, many fishers are reluctant to obtain credit from government-sponsored programs and seek credit elsewhere. Fishers with larger boats are increasingly opting for tourism-related activities through informal credit arrangements. However, of the smaller-scale fisher respondents some 27% have opted to downsize their fishing operations through intrasectoral adjustments. These actions reflect a general trend of aversion to financial liability and vulnerability by way of flexibility, dynamism, and diversification. It is recommended that access to credit should be made easier for small-scale fishers to provide more options to diversify their livelihood base but without exerting additional fishing pressure on already overfished stocks.     

Community based fishery management within the Menai Bay conservation area: A survey of the resource user

Management strategies are challenging to implement in Zanzibar's fisheries because the local people depend upon these resources for basic subsistence. This difficulty epitomizes the vital need for sustainable management: the more people need a fishery, the harder it is to limit fishing to allow regeneration. Comparing fisheries management strategies in two coastal villages in Unguja, the largest island of Zanzibar, Tanzania, this paper confirms the results of existing scholarship that communitybased strategies provide the most promising solutions to this challenge. Interviews with officials from the Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Village Fishermen Committees, and 51 fishermen in the villages of Kizimkazi Dimbani and Jambiani reveal the efficacy of strategies where local fishermen are centrally involved. The fishermen interviews reveal ignorance of existing fishing regulations and a lack of enforcement while fishermen at both sites noted that many illegal methods of fishing are still in use and expressed concern that such methods damage fish stocks. The Village Fishermen Committees, a recently implemented community-based initiative, are well attended by fishermen, and constitute a management strength that this paper concludes should be the foundation of future policy. To be successful, these committees need additional educational and financial resources.     

Understanding socio-ecological drivers of spatial allocation choice in a multi-species artisanal fishery: A Bayesian network modeling approach

Effective management of artisanal fisheries requires understanding fishers, their behaviors, and the drivers that underpin their choices. Behavioral drivers are critical links in understanding the interactions between social and ecological systems and can help inform effective management approaches. A Bayesian Belief Network modeling approach was used to investigate a diverse range of qualitative and quantitative social and ecological drivers of spatial location choice in a multi-species artisanal dive fishery in Costa Rica. Empirical and observer data used to populate the BBN showed the influence of economic factors, environmental conditions as well as social interactions on the decision-making process of spatial location choice. Good governance scenarios represented by Responsible Fisheries Marine Areas Management were analyzed for both hookah and free diving methods to assess the effects of responsible fishing on the fishers and the fishery. Model based-scenario analysis suggests that management interventions should consider the fisher's potential behavioral responses in the context of environmental variability, dependence on cultural assets, and food security. The results show that there is a need to understand fisher's decisions based on broad socio-ecological system understanding and consider the environmental outcomes alongside food security and the cultural significance of different marine species to fishing communities.     

矿产资源开发利用序列建设与应用

根据模糊数学原理,以矿产资源的保有基础储量、查明资源量、市场需求量、市场供求关系、国家产业政策及开发利用技术水平等因素为分析因子,进行矿产资源开发利用适宜性指数计算,建立矿产资源开发利用序列,作为矿产资源开发利用规划重点矿产和划分鼓励、限制和禁止开发矿产的依据。以湖南省益阳市为例,介绍了序列的建设方法,建立了一个序列样本;依据样本进行了矿产资源开发利用的矿种规划实践。序列直观明了,具有科学合理性和可操作性,可以在矿产资源规划中应用。     

黄河三角洲斑尾复虾虎鱼渔业生物学的研究

以黄河三角洲调查资料为基础,介绍了该水域内斑尾复虾虎鱼的生态分布、群体组成、繁殖习性、饵料食性以及迁移行为等生物学特征.讨论了该鱼在黄河三角洲生态系统中的地位作用、渔业上的意义以及三角洲生境变迁与渔业可持续的前景等问题.     

中国北方地区地下水资源的合理开发利用与保护

我国是世界上水资源严重短缺的国家之一,尤其在我国的华北和西北地区,水资源的短缺严重制约了该地区经济的可持续发展。在简要说明我国地下水资源数量、分布与特征的前提下,提出地下水资源开发利用与保护并重实现地下水资源可持续利用、改变农业结构实施节水灌溉是保障华北平原地下水可持续利用的根本、生态建设与地下水利用和保护并重等战略措施,确保地下水资源可持续利用。     

国家预警工程综合地震波形分析系统设计与实现

随着国家地震烈度速报和预警工程的建设,中国测震站网的监测能力获得大幅提升,对于地震编目业务的要求也随之提升,传统的编目产品已无法满足新形势下的业务需求,用于支撑全国地震编目业务的系统亟需升级换代。本文介绍了国家预警工程软件系统之一的综合地震波形分析系统,通过对系统概况、功能实现、关键技术和业务应用等详细介绍,阐述该系统如何用于支撑国家预警工程建成后的全国新编目业务。大数据和人工智能技术飞速发展的时代将为该系统及其产出的编目产品提供更加广阔的发展和应用空间。     

德州市地热资源及开发利用

德州市低温地热资源丰富,目前德城、乐陵、宁津、齐河等县(市、区)已先后发现地热资源.本文介绍了该区地热资源的地质条件,对其开发利用前景进行了分析,探讨了开发利用中应注意的几个问题.     

上海城市地质工作的市场开拓与营销战略

城市化进程的加速为城市地质工作的发展带来新的机遇。密切结合社会需求,积极开拓城市地质的工作领域,注重营销战略的制定,才能使城市地质工作更好地为城市规划、城市建设、城市管理服务。     

城市化综合水平测度初探--以我国15个副省级城市为例

对城市化水平的测度需要建立综合的指标体系,本文以我国15个副省级城市为研究对象,对15个城市的城市化综合水平进行评价并排序,以期对各城市及所在区域城市化水平有全面、总体性的认识。