农业产业集群的演化阶段与形成机理分析——以宁夏中宁县枸杞加工产业为例

在总结前人研究基础上,借鉴国内外农业产业集群研究的相关理论,以宁夏中宁县枸杞加工产业集群为例,运用企业资料和半结构式访谈法,探讨了农业产业集群的演化阶段和形成机理。研究发现:(1)中宁县枸杞加工产业集群遵循农业产业集群演化的一般发展规律,经历了培育期、成长期及形成期,在不同的发展阶段集群表现出不同特征。(2)地区独特的资源禀赋、历史文化、宏观制度等偶然因素激发集群最初形成,地理临近导致的集聚效应促使集群逐步成长,收益递增引发的路径依赖则进一步促进集群的形成。(3)由于收益递增、路径依赖及企业惯例,集群在演化过程中可能会陷入低效率的锁定状态。为了摆脱这种困境,首先,政府应推动企业间网络合作强度及知识流动,提升集群创新能力;其次,要加强集群与区外联系实现集群在全球价值链上的嵌入,保持集群持续的竞争力。研究结果可为农业产业集群形成及机理研究提供借鉴,为宁夏枸杞加工产业发展提供指导。     

历史文化名城改造中城市更新概念的衍生、想象和认知局限性——以佛山岭南天地“三旧”改造为案例

以佛山市“岭南天地”(祖庙-东华里历史文化街区)的“三旧”改造为案例,讨论历史文化名城核心区改造中城市更新概念的衍生、想象及认知局限性.尤其侧重于概念运用在历史文化名城老城核心区更新中的作用、价值及其在更新实践中的推动或限制因素.研究显示,“三旧”改造概念作为城市更新理念与佛山城市旧区改造的现实问题相互结合而衍生的“应景”产物,在运用中凝练了更新主体(地方政府)对旧区改造发展的愿望、想象和认知倾向.这使得“三旧”改造概念在历史文化名城城市更新中的应用存在部分的局限性.另一方面,“三旧”改造发展模式及其想象展望也可能只是地方政府及开发商谋求城市、产业发展和城市综合竞争力提升的一种手段.此外,研究显示,“三旧”改造概念只被地方政府和投资人用作组织与寻求他们各自关注点的一种达到目的的手段或技术,从本质上来说,这个概念对他们的吸引力在于与之相关联的资源,以及一种供使用、阐释、替换的语言.至于这个概念对历史文化名城城市更新的实用性,则似乎关注不够.     

Discussion on “The action of elemental sulfur plus water on 1-octene at low temperatures” by Said-Ahmad et al. (Organic Geochemistry 59, 82–86)

A recent article (Said-Ahmad, W., Amrani, A., Aizenshtat, Z., 2013. The action of elemental sulfur plus water on 1-octene at low temperatures. Organic Geochemistry 59, 82–86) is commented on in this discussion. Radical mechanisms proposed by Said-Ahmad et al. (2013) for the formation of sulfurized and oxidized organic compounds in experiments involving elemental sulfur and 1-octene under aqueous conditions, aimed at investigating the interaction of organic matter and sulfur compounds under geological conditions, are not compatible with their experimental results and other studies. In addition, results from the experiments aimed at demonstrating the role of HO radicals in the formation of oxidized organic compounds were incorrectly interpreted by the authors. In this discussion, alternative mechanisms for the formation of the sulfurized and oxygenated products reported by Said-Ahmad et al. (2013) are proposed.     

川北早寒武世碳酸盐岩台缘斜坡沉积特征及变形构造形成机制探讨

基于对川北米仓山西部旺苍县鼓城乡唐家河下寒武统仙女洞组露头剖面的观察与镜下分析发现,仙女洞组下段由生物碎屑泥晶灰岩(L)、粉砂质泥岩(M)、似瘤状砾屑灰岩(L')、角砾灰岩(R)、藻凝块灰岩(A)和含生屑钙质砂岩(S)组合而成,其以角砾灰岩、似瘤状砾屑灰岩和藻凝块灰岩为特征,且发育异地岩块和滑塌变形构造。进一步分析认为:L-M岩石组合为正常的斜坡环境低能沉积;L'-R岩石组合中的角砾灰岩为上斜坡生物灰泥丘崩坍滑动至下部而形成的,似瘤状砾屑灰岩可能是由于L-M岩石组合快速沉积导致沉积物失稳滑动变形、上斜坡生物灰泥丘崩落角砾致使的差异压实和滑动、以及后期物质成分差异引起的压溶作用等共同作用的结果,从而使灰质层发生破碎并被泥质包围形成断续的砾屑状,甚至轻微的位移,进而形成条带特征不明显的杂乱变形构造;微生物岩(Mb)组合为上斜坡的灰泥丘沉积;S-M岩石组合为斜坡上部的浊流沉积。根据上述分析结果建立米仓山西部仙女洞组碳酸盐岩台缘斜坡沉积模式,表明仙女洞组沉积早期米仓山西部存在台缘斜坡相沉积。     

TeV γ-ray fluxes from the long campaigns on Mrk 421 as constraints on the emission of TeV–PeV neutrinos and UHECRs

Long TeV γ-ray campaigns have been carried out to study the spectrum, variability and duty cycle of the BL Lac object Markarian 421. These campaigns have given some evidence of the presence of protons in the jet: (i) Its spectral energy distribution which shows two main peaks; one at low energies (∼1 keV) and the other at high energies (hundreds of GeV), has been described by using synchrotron proton blazar model. (ii) The study of the variability at GeV γ-rays and X-rays has indicated no significant correlation. (iii) TeV γ-ray detections without activity in X-rays, called “orphan flares” have been observed in this object.Recently, The Telescope Array Collaboration reported the arrival of 72 ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with some of them possibly related to the direction of Markarian 421. The IceCube Collaboration reported the detection of 37 extraterrestrial neutrinos in the TeV–PeV energy range collected during three consecutive years. In particular, no neutrino track events were associated with this source. In this paper, we consider the proton–photon interactions to correlate the TeV γ-ray fluxes reported by long campaigns with the neutrino and ultra-high-energy cosmic ray observations around this blazar. Considering the results reported by The IceCube and Telescope Array Collaborations, we found that only from ∼25% to 70% of TeV fluxes described with a power law function with exponential cutoff can come from the proton–photon interactions.     

Attribution of Persistent Precipitation in the Yangtze–Huaihe River Basin during February 2019

In February 2019, a month-long persistent precipitation event occurred in the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The geopotential height field that affected the duration of this frontal rainfall was divided into a high-latitude part and a low-latitude part for analysis. In the high-latitude part, a two-wave structure led to quasi-stationary circulation, and the change of both the blocking high pressure and Arctic Oscillation phase caused cold air to invade South China continuously and changed the frontal position. In mid-to-low latitudes, the persistent precipitation showed quasi-biweekly oscillation characteristics. The so-called “subtropical high–precipitation–anticyclone” (SHPA) feedback mechanism blocked the circulation systems in the mid-to-low latitudes and provided a continuous supply of water vapor for precipitation. As for the effect of sea surface temperature, the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone stimulated by El Ni?o strengthened the intensity of the southerly wind and provided support for the redevelopment of the anticyclone system in the SHPA feedback mechanism. The sea surface temperature anomaly in the South China Sea provided sensible heating for precipitation, and convergent rising airflow was conducive to the occurrence of precipitation. Additionally, the SHPA mechanism provides a reliable basis for the prediction of persistent precipitation in winter in the mid-to-low latitudes.     

一次1月山东半岛东部极端海效应暴雪的发生机制分析

利用海上浮标站、自动站、多普勒天气雷达、L波段雷达探空、NCEP/NCAR再分析逐6 h和降水等观测资料,结合EVAP雷达风场反演获得的水平风场资料,对2018年1月9—11日一次渤海海效应暴雪过程的产生机制进行了分析。结果表明:此次海效应暴雪过程是一次极端降雪事件,具有强降雪持续时间长、降雪量大、暴雪分布近γ中尺度等特征。暴雪发生前后受两次强冷空气影响,渤海和山东半岛地区持续降温,850 hPa温度降至-18～-16℃,是产生强海效应降雪的有利条件;此次冷空气明显强于12月渤海海效应暴雪,1月产生海效应暴雪的850 hPa温度中位数较12月低约5℃。受强冷空气影响时,海气温差明显增大,海洋向低层大气输送的最大感热通量可达226.8 W·m~(-2),低层大气高湿饱和,导致大气层结不稳定,不稳定局限于850 hPa以下,为浅层对流。雷达反射率因子图上具有明显的"列车效应"。造成窄带回波的原因在于出现了低层切变线,即在山东半岛北部沿海的小范围区域内出现了东北风及西西南风,形成了西北风与东北风、西西南风与东北风的切变线,触发暴雪产生。而东北风达到的高度不超过1.2 km,多在0.6 km以下。通过此次极端暴雪过程的综合观测资料分析,揭示了较少出现的1月海效应暴雪的特征,其形成的环流形势、热力不稳定、动力条件等与常见的12月海效应暴雪基本类似,主要差异在于冷空气强度较12月偏强,这可成为1月海效应暴雪的首要预报着眼点;海上浮标站、雷达风场反演技术是定量揭示海效应暴雪中尺度特征的良好资料和方法。     

1979—2016年四川盆地低涡的气候特征分析

利用6 h一次、水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料,对1979—2016年生成于四川盆地的西南涡的发生和发展进行统计分析。结果表明：四川盆地低涡集中生成于盆地内;在6月生成最多,7月发展最强;按移动情况不同可将其分为5类：东移型、东北移型、东南移型、西移型和少动型;东移型、东南移型、少动型低涡生成个数的峰值在6月,东北移型和西移型低涡生成个数的峰值在7月。夏季5类长生命史四川盆地低涡的结构和降水合成场表明：从发展强度看,东北移型最强,少动型最弱。从成熟期垂直结构看,除西移型外,低涡均随高度向西北或向西倾斜,在对流层低层为冷性结构,中层为暖性结构;东移型、东北移型、西移型低涡的正涡度区在垂直方向伸展更高;除东南移型、西移型低涡的强上升区与其中心重合外,其余类型位于其中心东侧。从降水特征看,除西移型外,其余类型低涡的降水中心均位于其移动路径东侧或东北侧,其中东北移型低涡成熟期6 h累计降水量最大。四川盆地低涡的强上升区、相对湿度大值区、位于对流层低层和中层的辐合辐散中心与降水所在位置有很好的对应关系,各物理量场相互作用共同促进低涡发展。     

台风螺旋雨带云结构和降水形成机制研究

应用数值模式结果,选择台风登陆后两个不同时次螺旋雨带中两个强降水中心,对台风螺旋雨带的云结构和降水形成机制进行诊断分析.结果发现螺旋雨带云结构和降水形成机制有如下特点:在9～13 km高空范围内冰晶的非均质核化非常活跃,冰晶转化率高于台风眼壁暴雨数倍,但是冰晶通过贝吉龙过程生长为雪、雪通过凝华增长生长为霰的过程相对台风眼壁很弱,螺旋雨带雨水形成微物理机制以霰粒子融化成雨水(pgmlt)为主,冰相粒子转化率大值区位于垂直上升气流大值区,8 km高度霰收集雪(dgacs)干增长是最主要的冰相粒子生长过程,与北方层状云比较,螺旋雨带暴雨冷云中的凝华过程和撞冻过程非常活跃.螺旋雨带云水凝结过程呈双峰型,位于7～8 km高度冷云区的云水凝结峰值较大,暖云区0.5～1.5 km高度云水凝结峰值次之.     

飑线的研究进展

飑线是一种线状的中尺度对流系统,发生时破坏力大,可以产生严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。在我国,几乎每年都会出现由飑线引起的巨大损失。近年来,国内外对飑线的研究不断发展,无论是从大尺度环流背景、形成机制、组织形式、内部结构还是维持机制都有了较为深入的研究。深入研究飑线的形成过程,对于预报和灾害预警、防护,都具有很重要的意义。