A time-integrated MODIS burn severity assessment using the multi-temporal differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBRMT)

Burn severity is an important parameter in post-fire management. It incorporates both the direct fire impact (vegetation depletion) and ecosystem responses (vegetation regeneration). From a remote sensing perspective, burn severity is traditionally estimated using Landsat's differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR). In this case study of the large 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires, Landsat dNBR estimates correlated reasonably well with Geo composite burn index (GeoCBI) field data of severity (R² = 0.56). The usage of Landsat imagery is, however, restricted by cloud cover and image-to-image normalization constraints. Therefore a multi-temporal burn severity approach based on coarse spatial, high temporal resolution moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery is presented in this study. The multi-temporal dNBR (dNBR_MT) is defined as the 1-year integrated difference between burned pixels and their unique control pixels. These control pixels were selected based on time series similarity and spatial context and reflect how burned pixels would have behaved in the case no fire had occurred. Linear regression between downsampled Landsat dNBR and dNBR_MT estimates resulted in a moderate-high coefficient of determination R² = 0.54. dNBR_MT estimates are indicative for the change in vegetation productivity due to the fire. This change is considerably higher for forests than for more sparsely vegetated areas like shrub lands. Although Landsat dNBR is superior for spatial detail, MODIS-derived dNBR_MT estimates present a valuable alternative for burn severity mapping at continental to global scale without image availability constraints. This is beneficial to compare trends in burn severity across regions and time. Moreover, thanks to MODIS's repeated temporal sampling, the dNBR_MT accounts for both first- and second-order fire effects.     

昆明北金大道CFG桩复合地基承载力研究

结合北金大道5#、6#路与20m规划路间高填方路基的工程实例,分析CFG桩复合地基的设计过程及各个参数的取值,对CFG桩复合地基的一些设计和施工问题进行讨论。     

制作1:5万TM影像图的关键技术

为了适应面广量大且需求仍在不断增长的1:5万专题调查制图的需要,我们采用数字插值放大、优化波段组合的光机复合处理技术,探索了1:5万高质量TM影像图的制作技术。本文介绍了制作1:5万高质量TM影像图的基本工艺方案及技术关键:(1)对TM图像磁带数据进行实数倍(2.28倍)双向线性插值放大,(2)在C-4500扫描仪上用50μm光点扫描获得比例尺为1:25万的潜影图像,(3)把潜影图像经显影、定影处理,再光学放大5倍,获得1:5万TM影像图。从我们结合有关任务先后在河北省南皮县、黑龙江省穆稜县和山东省莱洲湾等地区进行的试验研究看,均取得了良好效果。     

苏鲁交界至南黄海地区应力场的动态变化与地震活动

利用地震记录的初至波符号使用格点尝试法处理了苏鲁交界至南黄海地震重点监视区及其分区１９６９－１９９１年８月逐时段滑动小震综合震源机制解，研究了该区应力场的基本特征及其动态变化与中强地震活动的关系．发现该区应力场总体特征与华北大区域应力场基本一致，但稳定性较差，可能存在一定的垂向作用．该区中强地震多发生在综合机制解Ｐ、Ｔ轴仰角增大时段，震前多表现为矛盾符号比高值异常．这一现象对今后该区中强地震预报具有现实意义．     

华南北热带11.5―2.5 ka B.P. 温度集成重建与特征分析

基于“综合-比例法”（Composite Plus Scale,CPS）,利用近年来已发表的数据集成重建我国华南北热带地区11.5―2.5 ka B.P.温度变化序列。结果表明,该地区冷暖变化可以分为三大阶段：11 500―9 500 a B.P.为全新世早期阶段;9 500―4 000 a B.P.为全新世大暖期阶段;4 000―2 500 a B.P.开始出现降温过程。功率谱和小波分析表明：华南北热带气候变化具有多时段、多尺度冷暖周期变化特征,在千年尺度上,1.3 ka和3.3~3.9 ka是其冷暖变化的主要周期。序列中可以识别出一系列气候波动事件,如8.2 ka、7.9 ka、7.1 ka、4.1 ka气候事件。交叉小波谱分析表明：ENSO对华南北热带地区温度变化有着显著影响,特别是7 ka B.P.以来其影响进一步加强。通过与其他序列的对比发现：华南北热带地区的气候变化是对全球变化的响应,但也同样存在区域差异。     

无机晶须研究进展Ⅱ:钛酸钾晶须在复合材料中的应用

介绍了钛酸钾晶须在各种复合材料中的应用,并且综述了其在国内外技术开发现状,分析了钛酸钾晶须的国内市场前景,说明降低其生产成本是当今研究的热点之一。     

西昌复合盆地层序界面研究及意义

根据界面组构特征、延伸范围、侵蚀程度及间断期限，西昌复合盆地共识别出特级（3个）、超级（4个）、I级（3个）、Ⅱ级（2个）、Ⅲ级（7个）、Ⅳ级（59个）6个级别类型的层序界面，共78个，不同级别类型的层序层面，其组构、特征及分布各异。在此基础上，结合构造活动、盆地性质、盆山转换、海平面变化等，将西昌复合盆地78个层序界面归结为造山侵蚀、升隆侵蚀、陆上侵蚀、暴露溶蚀、水下间断、海侵上超等6种成因类型，不同成因类型界面其形成背景、成因机理明显不同。在层序界面级别类型及成因机理研究成果基础上，通过对层序界面与地层划分、盆地演化及油气储层关系的初步研究表明，层序界面不仅在油气勘探中发挥重要作用，而且在解决地层界线和盆地分析等问题中具有特殊意义。     

Propulsive efficiency and structural response of a sandwich composite propeller

Studying the sandwich composite propeller (SCMP) is of great significance since the sandwich structure is lightweight and possesses high strength. This study proposes and verifies a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) method for a 3D underwater sandwich composite structure to calculate the performance of the propeller. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes formula-based computational fluid dynamics is adopted to solve for propeller loads, whereas the finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve for propeller deformations. ANSYS Workbench’s system coupling is utilized to deliver the loads and deformations in the FSI. The paper also compares the propulsive performance and structural response of the SCMP and conventional composite propeller (CMP). The impact of the structural form and core material on the SCMP is explored. The results show that the weight reduction effect of the SCMP is better than that of the CMP, the propulsive efficiency of the SCMP is higher at low advance coefficients and lower at high advance coefficients, and the maximum pitch angles of the SCMP decrease at all conditions, unlike the case for the CMP. Moreover, the thinner the facing of the SCMP, the greater the influence of the higher twist–deformation ratio of the resulting structural form on the intrinsic frequency.     

Nature and origin of cone-forming volcanic breccias in the Te Herenga Formation, Ruapehu, New Zealand

 Volcanic breccias form large parts of composite volcanoes and are commonly viewed as containing pyroclastic fragments emplaced by pyroclastic processes or redistributed as laharic deposits. Field study of cone-forming breccias of the andesitic middle Pleistocene Te Herenga Formation on Ruapehu volcano, New Zealand, was complemented by paleomagnetic laboratory investigation permitting estimation of emplacement temperatures of constituent breccia clasts. The observations and data collected suggest that most breccias are autoclastic deposits. Five breccia types and subordinate, coherent lava-flow cores constitute nine, unconformity-bounded constructional units. Two types of breccia are gradational with lava-flow cores. Red breccias gradational with irregularly shaped lava-flow cores were emplaced at temperatures in excess of 580  °C and are interpreted as aa flow breccias. Clasts in gray breccia gradational with tabular lava-flow cores, and in some places forming down-slope-dipping avalanche bedding beneath flows, were emplaced at varying temperatures between 200 and 550  °C and are interpreted as forming part of block lava flows. Three textural types of breccia are found in less intimate association with lava-flow cores. Matrix-poor, well-sorted breccia can be traced upslope to lava-flow cores encased in autoclastic breccia. Unsorted boulder breccia comprises constructional units lacking significant exposed lava-flow cores. Clasts in both of these breccia types have paleomagnetic properties generally similar to those of the gray breccias gradational with lava-flow cores; they indicate reorientation after acquisition of some, or all, magnetization and ultimate emplacement over a range of temperatures between 100 and 550  °C. These breccias are interpreted as autoclastic breccias associated with block lava flows. Matrix-poor, well-sorted breccia formed by disintegration of lava flows on steep slopes and unsorted boulder breccia is interpreted to represent channel-floor and levee breccias for block lava flows that continued down slope. Less common, matrix-rich, stratified tuff breccias consisting of angular blocks, minor scoria, and a conspicuously well-sorted ash matrix were generally emplaced at ambient temperature, although some deposits contain clasts possibly emplaced at temperatures as high as 525  °C. These breccias are interpreted as debris-flow and sheetwash deposits with a dominant pyroclastic matrix and containing clasts likely of mixed autoclastic and pyroclastic origin. Pyroclastic deposits have limited preservation potential on the steep, proximal slopes of composite volcanoes. Likewise, these steep slopes are more likely sites of erosion and transport by channeled or unconfined runoff rather than depositional sites for reworked volcaniclastic debris. Autoclastic breccias need not be intimately associated with coherent lava flows in single outcrops, and fine matrix can be of autoclastic rather than pyroclastic origin. In these cases, and likely many other cases, the alternation of coherent lava flows and fragmental deposits defining composite volcanoes is better described as interlayered lava-flow cores and cogenetic autoclastic breccias, rather than as interlayered lava flows and pyroclastic beds. Reworked deposits are probably insignificant components of most proximal cone-forming sequences. Received: 1 October 1998 / Accepted: 28 December 1998     

Eigensensitivity analysis of moisture-related buckling of marine composite panels

In this paper, an approximate closed-form solution is presented to compute the moisture-related buckling of symmetric angle-ply laminates. The environment corresponds to a steady state condition, which provides a uniform moisture distribution for the laminate. The laminate consists of four layers [θ/−θ]_s constructed of low, moderate and high stiffness ratio materials. Comparative results using the Rayleigh–Ritz method provides a means of assessing the accuracy of the expression. For certain laminate architectures, several modes must be computed to ascertain the lowest buckling mode, and once identified, provides an excellent approximation for the mode computed using the Rayleigh–Ritz method.