海洋心血管药物及活性物质的研究现状与展望

按照海洋心血管活性成分的化学分类，本文较系统地列举了该领域中的研究成果和动态，对有代表意义的重点药物作较详细的评述，并探讨了有关海洋心血管药物研究工作的特点及发展前景。     

南海北部陆架区蓝圆鲹的生长、死亡及合理利用研究

本文根据1997年12月至1999年6月在南海北部陆架区进行的大规模底拖网渔业资源调查资料中的蓝圆鲹生物学测定资料,运用FAO开发的最新的体长频率数据分析软件FiSATⅡ对蓝圆鲹的生长、死亡参数进行估算,并进一步应用Beverton-Holt模式对南海北部陆架区的蓝圆鲹最新资源状况进行研究.结果表明:(1)蓝圆鲹的叉长和体重的关系式为:W=1.4084×10~(-2)L~(2.9931),其生长规律可用von Bertalanffy的生长方程描述.(2)其von Bertalanffy生长方程各参数为:渐近叉长L_∞=33.1cm,渐近体重W_∞=498.6g,生长系数K=0.36,t_0=-0.44.(3)总死亡的系数Z=1.87,自然死亡系数M=0.85,捕捞死亡系数F=1.02,开发率E=0.55.在估算结果的基础上,进一步提出南海北部陆架区蓝圆鲹在目前的捕捞强度下的最佳可捕规格叉长为14.7cm,为我国实施拖网目限制提供了科学依据.     

海底地质勘查现代技术方法的应用现状及发展趋势

概述了当今海底地质勘查现代技术的应用现状及发展趋势,主要包括高精度全球定位系统。海底地形测深系统,海洋水声,声层析技术,海底取样技术,深潜器技术和海底天然气水合物资源探测技术等,特别是20世纪90年代国家“863”计划海洋领域“海洋探查与资源开发技术”主题研究,研制和开发取得的一系列高技术成果。     

Beyond fisheries management: The Phronetic dimension

This paper has two main sources of inspiration. Firstly, building on Flyvbjerg's “Making Social Science Matter”[Flyvbjerg B. Making social science matter: why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003], I argue that the contribution of the social sciences to fisheries resource management must essentially be “phronetic” (after Aristotle's phronesis, i.e. practical wisdom), in contrast to the “scientific” (Aristotle: episteme) contribution of the natural sciences. Secondly, inspired by the recent publication “Fish for Life: Interactive Governance for Fisheries” [Kooiman J, Jentoft S, Pullin R, Bavinck M, editors. Fish for life: interactive governance for fisheries. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press; 2005], I hold that phronesis is basically what the notion of governance adds to management. Governance is the broader concept, inviting a more reflexive, deliberative and value-rational methodology than the instrumental, means-end oriented management concept. I claim that for interdisciplinarity to work in fisheries it is essential to recognize the fundamental methodological differences that exist between the social and natural sciences.     

飞云江香鱼资源的调查与分析

采取社会调查、渔获物调查及现场直捕3种方法对1999年4月至2000年5月不同地点的飞云江香鱼在肥育生长、产卵、幼鱼越冬、幼鱼上溯等4个阶段中的香鱼资源进行调查与分析,对飞云江香鱼资源现状以及"浙江珊溪水利枢纽工程"对飞云江香鱼资源的影响进行评估。结果表明,2000年飞云江香鱼为1999年的1/4～1/3,衰退是明显的;2000年上溯的幼香鱼约为1000尾,其资源量已十分稀少,濒临灭绝。其原因主要是由水质污染、酷捕滥捞、采捕鳗苗和采挖河沙造成的。预计洄游型香鱼在水库大坝建成后将在飞云江流域消失,但库区中也有可能出现陆封型香鱼种群。若考虑建造香鱼的人工养殖场,进行香鱼的全人工育苗和养成,可弥补飞云江香鱼自然资源的不足。     

方志和区域研究

我国方志是反映各种区域时空实体的文化载体。方志的演化可分先秦至西汉。东汉至南宋和南宋以后三个时期。与西方方志比较中国方志具有重区内、轻区间;重人文,轻自然和含“天—地—人”的原始系统论等特点。新方志可有资料性、知识性和研究性三种类型。创新方志应该从“方志乃一方全史”说中解脱出来,加强区域研究。     

时空大数据在城市群建设与管理中的应用研究进展

伴随新型城镇化进程的不断推进,城市群已经成为地区社会经济发展的重要核心。大数据时代的到来促使新兴时空大数据在城市/城市群建设与管理中发挥着重要作用,并成为当前学术界的研究热点。大数据挖掘技术与融合分析技术将成为未来研究城市群的重要方法。本研究总结归纳了时空大数据在城市群建设与管理中的应用研究进展,对常见城市群时空大数据类型、获取方法和分析技术进行分类整理,并对基于资源调查和多源时空数据分析的城市/城市群研究进展进行分析,特别是对时空大数据及其技术在城市群建设与管理中的主要研究展开归类分析,认为目前时空大数据在城市群建设与管理应用领域主要涉及5大方向：城市群空间界定与发展监测、交通网络监测、关联性分析与功能布局评价、产业协同分析和环境监测与评估。最后,本文分析了现阶段时空大数据在城市群建设与管理应用中的发展瓶颈,提出了相关对策建议,并对未来研究发展趋势提出了展望。     

Who remembers a hot summer or a cold winter? The asymmetric effect of beliefs about global warming on perceptions of local climate conditions in the U.S.

This paper explores the phenomenon of local climate perception and the extent to which public perceptions match climate conditions as recorded in instrumental climate data. We further examine whether perceptions of changes in local climates are influenced by prior beliefs about global warming, through the process of motivated reasoning. Using national survey data collected in the United States in 2011, we find that subjective experiences of seasonal average temperature and precipitation during the previous winter and summer were related to recorded conditions during each season. Beliefs about global warming also had significant effects on subjective experiences with above-normal temperatures, particularly among those who believed that global warming is not happening. When asked about the summer of 2010, those who believed that global warming is not happening were significantly less likely to report that they had experienced a warmer-than-normal summer, even when controlling for demographics and local climate conditions. These results suggest that the subjective experience of local climate change is dependent not only on external climate conditions, but also on individual beliefs, with perceptions apparently biased by prior beliefs about global warming.     

Variable water‐saturated areas and streamflow generation in the small Ringelbach catchment (Vosges Mountains,France): the master recession curve as an equilibrium curve for interactions between atmosphere,surface and ground waters

In the small Ringelbach research catchment, where studies on the water cycle components in a granitic mountainous environment have been conducted since 1976, the water‐saturated areas that are hydraulically connected to the outlet play a major role in the streamflow generation, as it is here that complex interactions between atmosphere, surface and ground waters take place. During baseflow recession periods, which may last several months between two groundwater recharge events, the atmospheric inputs of water and energy on these contributing areas only explain the streamflow fluctuations observed around the master recession curve, which defines the groundwater contribution: fluctuating above it in the case of precipitation input on these areas, below it in the case of evaporation output from these areas. Streamflow may therefore largely deviate from the master recession curve in the case of long, hot, dry spells. Detailed mapping has shown that their variable extent is well related to baseflow by a loglinear curve. On the other hand, a synthetic master recession curve, well fitted by a second‐order hyperbolic function, has been obtained from numerous pure recession periods. Both based on these two curves, a simple procedure and a simple model have been used to (i) validate the hypothesis that the connected saturated areas are the only permanent variable contributing areas and (ii) simulate the daily streamflow volumes over long baseflow recession periods by a water balance of the aquifer below these areas only. The storm runoff ratio for small to moderate rainfall events is indeed corresponding to the catchment saturated fraction at that time. The volume of daily streamflow oscillations is indeed corresponding to the evaporation at the potential rate from the saturated areas only. In both cases, streamflow naturally tends towards the master recession curve after the end of any atmospheric perturbation. Introducing these findings into TOPMODEL led to significantly improved simulation results during baseflow recession periods. The master recession curve may therefore be considered as a dynamic equilibrium curve. Together with the relationship between saturated extent and baseflow, it provides the main characteristics necessary to understand and model the interactions at this complex interface and the resulting daily streamflow variations during baseflow recession periods in this type of catchment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近十年国内钻井液降粘剂研究进展

随着能源消费持续升高,常规资源无法满足日常需求,进行深井钻探显得尤为重要。然而,井底深部高温带来的钻井液粘度增加、流变性变差等问题,致使降粘剂成为不可缺少的钻井液处理剂之一。降粘剂主要通过拆散或阻拦粘土颗粒间形成网架结构,从而达到降低钻井液粘度、改善流变性的目的。结合相关研究文献,综述近十年来国内钻井液降粘剂的研究现状,介绍了3大类降粘剂：合成聚合物类、改性天然材料类、利用工业废料制备降粘剂。针对目前存在的问题,指出未来应从分子结构设计层面研发低成本、环保、适用于高温高盐高密度钻井液的降粘剂,同时注重工业废料的利用,积极与现场应用相结合加快成果转化。近年来,合成聚合物类降粘剂研究量居多、发展最迅速,本文着重介绍了此类降粘剂的发展现状及应用前景。