铬对文昌鱼的毒性效应和生长的影响

本文分析并报道了不同浓度Ｃｒ＾６＋和Ｃｒ＾３＋对文昌鱼的毒性效应及对文昌鱼生长的影响。结果表明,Ｃｒ＾６＋的毒性大于Ｃｒ＾３＋,其对文昌鱼的致死效应与底质有关;组织学观察发现,文昌鱼中毒器官主要是鳃、肠和肌肉;适宜浓度的Ｃｒ＾６＋和Ｃｒ＾３＋可明显地促进文昌鱼的生长。     

粉煤灰重金属铬的二次污染:某电厂灰场周围地下水Cr6+污染事例

重金属铬含量低于岩石圈的平均值,而与沉积岩平均含量大体相当的某电厂灰场的粉煤灰,竟是该区地下水Cr6+的污染源,的确是令人难以理解,并因而导致当地发生了一件难断的民事纠纷。本项工作通过一系列的浸泡和淋溶模拟试验,弄清了铬的转移过程及迁移机理,结果表明: 降水相对集中的半干旱地区,在表生作用氧化条件下,主要由于大气降水的淋溶和浸泡,粉煤灰中的三价铬可以氧化为六价铬转入水体,并进入地下水造成污染。这与通过该电厂灰场周围地下水Cr6+浓度的监测,其浓度值与灰场下水方向的距离成反向相关的结果得到了进一步的证实。      

Environmental mineralogy: spectroscopic studies on ferrous saponite and the reduction of hexavalent chromium

A green-coloured phyllosilicate occurring on the walls of amygdaloidal cavities and along fractures in the Deccan Flood basalts at Killari, Maharashtra, India, has been identified as iron-rich saponite with a chemical composition [Na_0.60 K_0.40 Ca_0.47] {Mg_2.05Fe_3.95} (Si_6.45Al_1.55) O₂₀(OH)₄. In order to explore the possible application of this phyllosilicate for environmental management, we have carried out X-ray photon spectroscopic (XPS) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic (DRS) measurements on the dichromate solutions, in both the untreated and treated form. The dichromate solution treated with the saponite samples show a remarkable capability not only to adsorb hexavalent chromium but also effect a reduction of hexavalent to trivalent chromium at an efficiency of 75%. These valence states of chromium were characterised unambiguously by XPS and DRS spectra collected at room temperature. Our studies show that Killari saponite is capable of reducing Cr (VI) to Cr (III). The ferrous saponite in Deccan Flood basalts could therefore be a useful mineral in environmental management in areas affected by Cr (VI) effluents.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定工业废水样品中的总铬

原子吸收分光光度计测定工业废水中的总铬,通过标准曲线的线性及方法的精密度和准确度验证表明,该方法简单、快速、准确,方法检出限为Ｃｒ：０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ,可以满足工业废水样品中总铬的监测需要。     

Application of Visual MODFLOW to simulation of migration in Cr6+ contaminated site

On the basis of site investigation and data collection of a certain electro plating factory, the groundwater flow and solute transport coupled models were established by applying Visual MODFLOW 4.1 software, which was used to conduct a numerical simulation that forecast the transport process of Cr6+ in groundwater. The results show that contamination plume of Cr6+ transports with groundwater flow direction. Without control measures, in 3 650 days, 19 wells for drinking would be contaminated, and the range of transport would be 52 172 m2, the maximum contamination would be 35.8 mg/L     

Optical spectroscopy study of variously colored gem-quality topazes from Ouro Preto,Minas Gerais,Brazil

Variously colored gem-quality topazes from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were studied by optical absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence methods. In the near infrared range (750–2500 nm) the absorption spectra display an identical pattern of narrow intense absorption lines caused by overtones and combination vibrations of OH groups, which do not relate to the coloration of the topazes studied. Their colors were found to be caused by combination of three sets of absorption features, (1), (2), and (3) in the visible and near-UV range, which are due to different color center. (1) denotes a pair of broad split bands with maxima 18 000 and 25 000 cm^–1 caused by electronic spin-allowed dd transitions of Cr³⁺ ions. They cause a light rose to deep violet color and characteristic pleochroism of Cr³⁺-containing topazes. Photoluminescence evidences of at least three different types of Cr³⁺ complexes which, most probably, differ by ligand surroundings, O₄F₂, O₄F(OH) and O₄(OH) (2) Corresponds to the intense weakly polarized UV absorption edge. Two different parts, the thermally stable one, caused by ligand-to-metal charge transfer, and the thermally unstable one, caused by some defect center(s), contribute to the edge. (3) denotes a system of two broad unstructured bands with maxima around 19 000 cm^–1 (X>Y Z) and 24 000 cm^–1 (Y Z X). They cause the unique orange color and characteristic pleochroism of Brazilian Imperial topazes. Combinations of (1) and (3) absorption features cause various yellow-rose colors of the samples. Investigations of natural irradiated and thermally treated topazes show that the color centers (1) and (3) transform to each other at annealing and X- or gamma irradiation. The color of natural orange-red Imperial topazes is assumed to be caused by Cr⁴⁺, stabilized by other impurity ions and/or defect irradiation EPR centers. At T=300 °C Cr⁴⁺ reduces to Cr³⁺, the color of Imperial topazes changes to pale rose, caused by spin-allowed bands of Cr³⁺. In artificially irradiated crystals the (3)-center, Cr⁴⁺, may be induced according to the reaction 2Cr³⁺ Cr⁴⁺ + Cr²⁺, which involves chromium pairs in adjacent Al sites of the structure. Such artificially induced color is unstable at room temperature and in daylight. The process of the decay of (3)-centers may be described as a recombination Cr⁴⁺+Cr²⁺ 2Cr³⁺ that results in vanishing of the (3)-bands accompanied by the appearance or increase in Cr³⁺ dd bands, the original orange color turning to a pale rose.     

矿物成分标型继承性与金矿矿质来源

本文在阐述胶东金矿成矿过程的基础上，重点研究了胶东地区不同地质体组成矿物中Ｃｒ元素分布特征及含Ｃｒ矿物的自然演化历史。揭示了含Ｃｒ矿物成分标型显著的继承性规律。胶东金矿脉石矿物中出现翠绿色含Ｃｒ绢云母，矿石矿物中出现含Ｃｒ金银矿至自然金矿物系列。其中的Ｃｒ，均是从以中基性变质火山岩为主的胶东群部分重熔所形成的Ⅰ型花岗岩类，经动力及热液蚀变释放出来的。故利用Ｃｒ元素这一示踪性特征，便可有效地揭示与Ｃｒ相伴相随的Ａｕ（也包括Ｆｅ）来源于胶东群地层。提出开展不同作用、不同时期、不同阶段中含Ｃｒ矿物成分标型的系统研究，可为探讨金矿成矿物质来源提供新的矿物学方法。     

Petrological investigation of the Ganyu peridotite in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane, eastern China

The ultramafic body sampled in the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) Hole PP3 is located in the eastern part of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic belt near Donghai County. It is about 480 m thick, and consists chiefly of garnet peridotite, dunite and serpentinite. The principal minerals include olivine, chromium spinel, diopside, enstatite, garnet with minor secondary augite, phlogopite and amphibole. Both the olivine and orthopyroxene are highly magnesian, and the garnet is pyropic with 5.4-6.4% CaO and 0.3-3.3% Cr₂O₃. Two generations of clinopyroxene are present; an early diopside followed by augite. Chromium spinels are highly variable with Cr#s (100Cr / (Cr + Al)) between 51 and 89, and their compositions reflect different processes of formation, namely partial melting and eclogite, amphibole and greenschist facies metamorphism. The Mg#s (100 Mg / (Mg + Fe²⁺))of the spinels correlate positively with the Cr#s but negatively with oxygen fugacity. Based on the spinel compositions the ultramafic rocks originated in the shallow mantle, then subducted to depths of more than 100 km and finally exhumed to the surface. They underwent partial melting at shallow depths, mostly in the spinel facies, and were later transformed into garnet peridotites during deep subduction. All of the rocks were weakly metasomatized during exhumation and were subjected to retrograde metamorphism.     

鄱阳湖流域上游铀尾矿库周边水体中铬形态及健康风险评估

以鄱阳湖流域上游铀尾矿库周边水体为研究对象,在研究铬(Cr)污染程度的基础上,采用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC计算Cr各不同赋存形态的浓度,讨论不同条件下Cr形态的变换规律以及健康风险评价,对研究水体中Cr生物有效性具有实际意义.结果表明:铀尾矿区排放水、渗滤水、浅层地下水中Cr浓度均未超出相关标准值.水体中Cr主要赋存形态大多为Cr(Ⅲ)的水解产物Cr(OH)²⁺和Cr(OH)₂⁺. pH和电子活度(pe)共同影响Cr在水体中的赋存形态,当pH=3～5时,以CrF²⁺为优势离子;当pH>5时,随pH递增,pe值对Cr赋存形态的影响增加,pe值增大,Cr(Ⅲ)水解产物浓度逐渐减少,而Cr(Ⅵ)氧化产物逐渐增加.浅层地下水中的Cr不会对人体产生致癌风险和非致癌风险,但当p H、pe变化时,Cr致癌风险系数均高于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受值.由于Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性远强于Cr(Ⅲ),故应密切关注水体中pe与pH值,避免污染加重.