长江口深水航道三维泥沙数值模型相关问题探讨

基于近年来长江口三维水沙盐数值模型及水沙运动机理的研究进展,系统梳理了在长江口实际应用中面临的若干理论和技术难题,其中包括长江口物质输运模拟计算格式的守恒性和稳定性、河口区域河床切应力的准确计算、拦门沙区域近底高浓度泥沙形成机理及数值模型模拟、长江口近底高浓度泥沙横向入槽模式等问题,通过对于上述问题的梳理和总结,表明在长江口这类巨型河口进行三维水沙盐数值模型和水沙机理研究的复杂性,并针对此类区域的模型技术研发和水沙运动理论研究,提出了有科学意义和研究价值的方向和思路。     

海州湾水流紊动强度和含沙量对沉降速度的影响研究

选取海州湾近岸潮流和含沙量实测资料,分析水体紊动强度与含沙量对近岸絮凝体沉降速度的影响,提出了新的沉降速度确定方法。研究表明：淤海州湾近岸泥沙沉降速率大部分在 0.05 ~ 2.50 mm/s 之间,潮周期内泥沙絮凝体的沉降速度 有明显变化。于含沙量较小时,泥沙絮凝体的沉降速度基本随含沙量的增加而增加;含沙量较大时,含沙量与沉降速度呈现出负相关,无论是大潮还是中潮,当含沙量达到 0.7 kg/m3左右时,絮团沉降速度最大,而随着含沙量的增大,絮团沉降速度开始减小。盂在涨落潮垂线平均流速最大时刻,紊动强度达到峰值,含沙量较低时,随着紊动强度增加,沉降速度也随之增加,大潮期间紊动强度对泥沙沉降速度的影响高于中潮。榆新的泥沙沉降速度计算公式不仅考虑了含沙量,还计入了紊动强度 G,大大提高了沉降速度计算值与实测值的相关性。     

Embayment characteristic time and biology via tidal prism model

Transport time scales are often offered by scientists, and accepted by ecologists, as qualitative indicators of the susceptibility of ecological components within an embayment. However, rigorous quantitative methods were never presented to confirm this intuition. Transport time scales in water bodies are classically based on their physical and chemical aspects rather than their ecological and biological character. The direct connection between a physical time scale and an ecological effect has to be investigated in order to quantitatively relate a transport time scale to ecology. This concept is presented here with some general guidelines and clarifying examples. To be able to relate physical time scales to biological processes, a simple tidal prism model is developed that calculates temporal changes in concentration and the related exposure. This approach provides a quick method to calculate the characteristic time for transport in a large number of embayments, which can also help in classification endeavors.     

台州湾海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃的浓度水平、富集规律及来源

研究了台州湾海域海水和表层沉积物中15种多环芳烃(PAHs) 的浓度水平,评价了表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集规律,探讨其可能来源.结果表明,表层沉积物中 PAHs 的浓度范围为85.4～167.6 ng / g,平均值为138.62 ng/g,总多环芳烃的最大值是椒江码头.表层沉积物中二环、三环、四环、五环和六环多环芳烃占总多环芳烃的百分含量平均值分别为7.8 %,42.1 %,33.3 %,9.6 % 和 7.2 %,三环多环芳烃的含量最高;表层沉积物对多环芳烃的富集系数为 532.7～1 068.9,平均值为 807.5,单组分菲的富集系数最高为 122.7,最小的是苯并(a) 芘为 2.7;台州湾表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于燃煤污染,部分来源于石油烃类物质的直接污染.     

A Numerical Model for Mixing Areas of Pollutant Discharging into Tidal Flows

- A combined numerical model for computing mixing areas of pollution vertical jet discharging into tidal flows has been developed. This numerical model is composed of a 2-D depth-averaged dynamic far-field numerical model and a 2-D vertical dynamic near-field numerical model. The former uses finite node method to compute velocity, and improved finite node method to compute pollutant concentration distribution; the latter is a k-e turbulence model, and uses SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) method to compute velocity. At the same time, the former provides boundary conditions for the latter. This model can simulate both far- field pollutant concentration distribution and near-field vertical recirculation quickly and precisely. This model has been verified by measured data of pollutant F of the Dachang reach of the Changjing River and test data presented by Chen el al. (1992). On the basis of verification, the authors use a designed hydrograph to compute this mixing area for a cer     

Measuring and modeling vertical gradients in suspended sediments in the Solimões/Amazon River

Accurately measuring sediment flux in large rivers remains a challenge due to the spatial and temporal cross‐sectional variability of suspended sediment concentrations in conjunction with sampling procedures that fail to accurately quantify these differences. This study presents a field campaign methodology that can be used to improve the measurement of suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River or similarly large rivers. The turbidity signal and Rouse model are together used in this study to define the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentrations in a river cross‐section, taking into account the different size fractions of the sediment. With this methodology, suspended sediment fluxes corresponding to each sediment class are defined with less uncertainty than with manual samples. This paper presents an application of this methodology during a field campaign at different gauging stations along a 3,000‐km stretch of the Solimões/Amazon River during low water and flood periods. Vertical concentration profiles and Rouse model applications for distinctive sediment sizes are explored to determine concentration gradients throughout a cross‐section of the river. The results show that coupling both turbidity technology and the Rouse model may improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of different sediments fractions sizes in the Solimões/Amazon River. These data are very useful in defining a pertinent monitoring strategy for suspended sediment concentrations in the challenging context of large rivers.     

地下洞室围岩应力的测量研究

介绍了在地下洞室不同方向的钻孔中，采用水力劈裂技术进行的原位地应力测量。结合广西全州天湖水电站，广州抽水蓄能电站和广西龙滩水电站的实测结果，分析研究了地下洞室围岩应力的分布状态及影响围岩应力分布的主要因素。     

辽东青城子矿集区双顶沟岩体年代学及地球化学研究

青城子矿集区印支期岩浆作用形成岩基状双顶沟岩体及岩脉状石英二长斑岩等,双顶沟岩体根据其岩相学特征可划分为主体相和中心相两个岩相带,主体相内含有大量暗色微粒包体,并常见矿物不平衡结构,显示岩浆混合的特征。在岩石地球化学方面,包体与寄主岩石的主要氧化物之间具有良好的线性关系,寄主岩石和包体的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图形态相似,指示寄主岩石与包体在岩石形成过程中发生过成分交换及均一化,也显示岩浆混合特征。双顶沟岩体主体相具有高Ba-Sr花岗岩特征,可能为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的熔体与富集地幔岩浆混合作用的产物,中心相则为主体相经过长石、角闪石、黑云母等的分离结晶作用而形成。石英二长斑岩脉可能为双顶沟岩体演化的浅成相,两者具有相同的源区和成因,矿集区内铅锌、金银矿床的形成可能与岩浆混合作用演化形成的石英二长斑岩相关。     

全球热带风暴时空分布特点

对全球三大洋热带风暴的统计分析表明,全球热带风暴在时空分布上具有明显的统计特性.各海域热带风暴都具有季节集中性.在太平洋和印度洋,风暴发生频繁的时间在地理位置上有沿逆时针移动的分布.全球风暴总数在8月、9月份明显偏多,在4月、5月份明显偏少.北半球风暴扩展范围和分布密度大于南半球,并以东北太平洋和西北太平洋风暴分布密度为最大.各海域热带风暴发生频数在统计长度(33a)内都表现年际和10年际“振荡”,不同程度地存在2～3a,6～7a,11～12a及21～23a的重复性变化.较强的风暴,往往寿命也较长.在月份之间比较,风暴在多发月份,一般平均寿命较长,强度也较大;而在年度之间比较,风暴在多发年度,平均寿命却往往较短,强度也较小.风暴在大尺度环境中较好地沿反气旋路径向高纬度运动.     

水污染的导电性和激电性与污染浓度变化关系的几个实验结果

为了解用电阻率法、电磁法和激发极化法监测地下水污染的可能性,给出了在水样和含水砂样中,加入了不同浓度的无机污染物和有机污染物时,样品电阻率、极化率、半衰时和偏离度等导电性和激电性参数与浓度变化关系的几个实验观测结果．水样中的观测结果表明,除个别有机污染样品的电阻率随浓度增加有所增大外,其余所有无机污染和有机污染样品的电阻率均随浓度的增加而减小．含水砂样中的观测结果表明,不同污染成分样品的电阻率和极化率,均随孔隙液浓度的增加而减小,但对反应样品激电时间特性的参数而言,则有半衰时随浓度增加而减小,偏离度随浓度增加而增大的规律．同时指出,用电阻率法、电磁法和激发激化法监测地下水污染是十分困难的．