洛川黄土-红粘土序列铁氧化物组成及其古气候指示

对洛川黄土、古土壤和红粘土中磁性矿物组成、成因和相关系进行了研究。结果表明:黄土磁性矿物以风尘磁铁矿为主,少量的成土赤铁矿和成土磁赤铁矿;古土壤磁性矿物以成土磁赤铁矿为主,成土赤铁矿次之,少量的风尘磁铁矿和赤铁矿;红粘土磁性矿物以成土赤铁矿为主,风尘磁铁矿和成土磁赤铁矿次之,少量风尘赤铁矿。黄土、古土壤和红粘土磁性矿物组成差异,反映了其形成期不同的古气候特性以及不同气候条件下生物地球化学作用强度的差异。干冷的冰期,黄土弱成土作用形成了以粗颗粒的风尘磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边的磁化率载体。间冰期的温暖湿润的古气候最有利于生物活动,强烈生物活动导致古土壤中大量纳米超细磁赤铁矿/磁铁矿产生,形成以磁赤铁矿为主,风尘磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边为辅的磁化率载体。红粘土成壤期,强降雨强蒸发的长干短湿的高温炎热的古气候使得红粘土化学风化强烈,生物地球化学活动较弱,形成以磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边和磁赤铁矿核 赤铁矿边的磁化率载体。黄土、古土壤和红粘土磁性矿物组成、磁性矿物相关系是其形成期独特的古气候指示。     

旋回地层学理论基础、研究进展和展望

在过去30余年中旋回地层学研究得到了极大发展, 对理解和解决地球科学领域众多科学问题做出了很大贡献.旋回地层学(Cyclostratigraphy)已被定义为"对地层记录的(准)周期性旋回变化进行识别、描述、对比和成因解释, 并将其应用于地质年代学以提高地层年代框架的精度和分辨率, 实现地层高精度划分与对比的一门地层学分支学科".能够反映古气候变化的岩性、岩相、地球物理和地球化学参数(即古气候替代指标)均可用于旋回地层学分析.通过岩性组合识别、频谱分析、连续窗口频谱分析、小波分析、滤波和调谐等方法可进行识别米兰科维奇旋回信号和建立高精度天文年代标尺.中国学者在北方黄土剖面、南海新近纪海相沉积、古生代海相沉积和部分中新生代陆相沉积中获得了良好的旋回地层学研究成果.对中国东北松辽盆地陆相白垩系和华南海相二叠系乐平统—中三叠统开展旋回地层学研究有望取得重要突破.      

影响低渗透油藏低速非线性渗流的实验研究

以膨胀性的粘土为主要研究对象,通过粘土浆体的流变性实验和填砂管渗流实验,并使用一种新研制的微流量测量工具,研究了低渗岩心在较低流速下的渗流特性;利用微尺度流动理论,Einstein粘度定律等进行了理论分析,对引起低渗透油藏低速非线性渗流的影响因素进行了初步的探索.结论认为,粘土的膨胀性以及其水化后形成浆体的流变性是引起低速非线性渗流的主要因素之一.     

矿物学文献中未定名矿物的编码系统:国际矿物学协会新矿物与命名和分类委员会“未定名矿物”小组报告

国际矿物学协会新矿物与命名和分类委员会(IMA-CNMMN)的未定名矿物小组(SUM),开发了一个编码系统,对已经发表但尚未定名的矿物进行编码。在文献中存在两类未定名矿物。一是"有效"未定名矿物,是指未定名矿物没有对应的已知矿物种,但如果它们有其他产地或能够在其他样品中被发现,那么已发表的相关矿物描述允许得到认可。二是"无效"未定名矿物,是指未定名矿物已经有对应的已知矿物种;或者相关矿物描述不足以获得认可。未定名矿物的名单是由IMA保管。该编码系统提供了一个永久的UM号码。中国的矿物学文献的数量和重要性有必要用中文阐述未定名矿物的编码系统。     

多尺度生态资产遥感综合测量的技术体系

着重论述了如何建立多尺度生态资产遥感综合测量的技术体系，具体包括以下主要内容：①如何建立一整套生态资产遥感监测、野外抽样调查以及监测结果质量控制的技术标准与规范；②并在此基础上，设计出生态资产遥感测量的技术规程、主要研究内容以及野外抽样调查与检验方案；③通过建立生态资产遥感测量和野外抽样测量与检验的集成系统，实现系统的业务化运行。     

中天山、伊犁及塔里木地块开始参与Rodinia超大陆聚合过程早于新元古代?

长久以来,中国主要陆块被普遍认为比世界其他陆块开始参与罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合的时间较晚,为新元古代早期。为了探讨此问题,我们选择中国中天山、伊犁及塔里木地块作为主要研究对象,系统分析了新元古代早期(1.0～0.8Ga)的构造变形及岩浆特征。新元古代早期构造变形主要表现为拉伸线理近平行于造山带方向,反映了后造山陆内走滑剪切过程。1.0～0.8Ga的岩浆岩皆为较小规模花岗岩,未见基性包体,矿物组合中基本无角闪石,具有高钾钙碱性和过铝质特征,并含有大量捕获老锆石,说明古老基底或重熔地壳的显著参与。岩石源区主要为重熔基性下地壳,在构造背景判别图上基本落在后造山环境。锆石Ti及全岩Zr温度计算结果显示这些岩体的结晶温度普遍偏高,约800℃。结合已有区域地质资料,我们认为:①在新元古代原塔里木陆块(包括早期中天山、伊犁及塔里木地块)已经位于罗迪尼亚超大陆内部,1.0～0.8Ga变形及岩浆记录皆反映了原塔里木陆块与其它陆块碰撞后的构造事件;②由于超大陆聚合后的热毯效应使得新元古代早期花岗岩结晶温度偏高;③中天山、伊犁及现今塔里木地块最初参与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚的时间应早于新元古代(1.0Ga)。     

Deep root of a continent-continent collision belt: Evidence from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic terrane, China

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole, which reached a depth of 5158 m in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, provides a new window into the deep root of a continent-continent collision belt, and the tectonic processes by which supracrustal material is recycled into the mantle by subduction and then uplifted to the surface. Major research themes of the CCSD project were to: (1) determine the three-dimensional composition, structure and geophysical character of the deep root of this orogenic belt; (2) investigate the nature and timing of the UHP metamorphism; (3) investigate the processes of crust-mantle interaction involved in the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks; (4) study the process of fluid circulation and mineralization during subduction and exhumation; (5) study the rheological properties of the various rocks during subduction and exhumation; (6) develop and refine dynamic models for deep subduction and exhumation of crustal rocks, and (7) establish a long-term, natural laboratory for the study of present-day crustal dynamics (e.g., stress, strain, fluid activity). The CCSD has developed precise oriented profiles of the main borehole in terms of lithology, geochemistry, oxygen isotopes, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages, ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages, deformation, rheology, mineralization, physical properties of the rocks, petrophysical logs, seismic reflections and underground fluids. The present paper summarizes the integrated research results of this project, especially the new findings concerning the deep root of a continent-continent collision.     

板块运动对中国近海新生代盆地沉降及充填的控制作用

太平洋板块、印度板块和欧亚板块的演化对中国近海沉积盆地的沉降及充填具有控制作用。根据地幔对流及地壳拉伸特征可将中国近海沉积盆地沉降类型划分为被动、主动和组合热沉降型3种。不同沉降类型分别具有不同的盆地结构,其中被动热沉降型以断陷为主,主动热沉降型以坳陷为主,组合热沉降型则是两种盆地结构的叠加或侧加。中国近海北部板内沉积盆地沉降类型以被动热沉降为主,远离海洋,受海侵影响较小,以陆相沉积体系为主;中部板缘沉积盆地沉降类型为被动侧加主动热沉降,水体整体较浅,坡折及三角洲发育规模小;南部板缘沉积盆地沉降类型也为被动侧加主动热沉降,水体整体较深,坡折及三角洲发育规模大。     

Mineral oxygen isotope and hydroxyl content changes in ultrahigh-pressure eclogite–gneiss contacts from Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project cores

A combined study of mineral O isotopes and hydroxyl contents was carried out for the contacts between ultrahigh‐pressure eclogite and gneiss from main hole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project in the Sulu orogen. While there is a large δ¹⁸O variation from ?8.3 to 7.3‰ for all minerals, different styles of mineral‐pair fractionation occur at the boundaries of different lithologies. Both equilibrium and disequilibrium O isotope fractionations are observed between quartz and the other minerals, with reversed fractionations between omphacite and garnet in some samples of eclogite. This suggests that both eclogite and gneiss acquired their negative δ¹⁸O values by meteoric‐hydrothermal alteration of their protoliths at high temperatures before subduction, and that fluid‐assisted O isotope exchange did take place across the boundary of different lithologies at local scales during amphibolite‐facies retrogression. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis yielded H₂O concentrations of 50 to 1144 p.p.m. (by weight) for garnet and 139 to 751 p.p.m. for omphacite. The state of equilibrium or disequilibrium O isotope fractionations between omphacite and garnet are correlated with variations in their water content at local scales, indicating that the internally derived fluid plays a critical role in retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. The retrograde metamorphism results in mineral reactions and O isotope disequilibria between some of the minerals, but the fluid for retrogression was derived from the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl and thus internally buffered in the O isotope composition. A quantitative estimate suggests that a hand specimen (3 × 6 × 9 cm) of eclogite composed of 70% garnet and 30% omphacite can release 0.316 g water by the decompression exsolution of structural hydroxyl, which can form 14.4 g amphibole during exhumation. This provides sufficient amounts of water for the amphibolite‐facies retrogression.     

天山地区遥感解译及铀矿化地质特征

本文通过卫星照片解译对天山地区的地层进行了划分,尤其是通过线性构造的解译把天山地区分成了若干个不同性质的地块,并对构造规模进行了分级。此外,还讨论了新老构造的继承关系,构造与岩体之间的相互依存关系等。本文又通过环形体的解译进一步确定了火山岩的喷发期次、活动规模及其与铀矿化的关系。通过对花岗岩体侵入期次和相带的划分,进而在解译中配合四道能谱测量判读标志来分析不同影象地质体的可能含铀丰度。另外还探讨了褶皱构造各要素的半定最估算的可能性。