不确定性条件下的下辽河平原地下水脆弱性评价及空间分布软区划

建立地下水脆弱性评价的DRASTICH模型,辨析各个参数的不确定性特征,采用随机模拟方法同时对随机性参数和模糊性参数模拟赋值。分别对模糊性参数和脆弱性指数统计值设立具有概率分布意义的置信水平和百分位,得到多重地下水脆弱性的指数区间,在此基础上,分别绘制地下水脆弱性的保守分布图和冒险分布图,并对研究区地下水脆弱性分布状况进行分析。结果表明：① 以模糊区间形式表示的地下水脆弱性评价结果,能反映多种不确定因素综合影响下的地下水脆弱性客观实际情况,可提供更多可靠性方面的信息;② 以软区划方式制作地下水脆弱性分布图,保留了不确定性客观存在的事实,可给予决策者更多参考信息和调整余地;③ 地下水脆弱性软区划分布图显示：保守分布的脆弱性程度总体要高于冒险分布,置信水平选择越高,冒险分布与保守分布的空间分布差异越接近,且与最大可能性分布情况越接近;④ 研究区地下水脆弱性分布具有明显的空间集聚现象,地下水高脆弱性区域主要集聚在下辽河平原中部和南部地区,低脆弱性区域一般分布在下辽河平原东、西两侧地区。     

黑河中游现代孢粉传播过程研究

在位于河西走廊的黑河中游地区选取8个河流沉积样品和7个表土样品进行孢粉分析,通过其孢粉百分含量分别探讨河流与风力搬运对孢粉传播的影响。结果表明：风力对孢粉具有较强的搬运能力,能够将区域外或上游山地植被孢粉搬运至中游地区,但其对当地孢粉贡献较小,一般低于10%;河流搬运孢粉的能力大于风力,能够将上游山地植被孢粉大量的搬运至研究区,外来孢粉含量最高可达39.4%,成为孢粉谱的重要成分。表土孢粉组合能够较好的反映研究区现代植被的分布情况;河床沉积物孢粉组合反映的是上游山地植被和研究区植被混合状况。     

Quantitative relationship between channels and bars in a tidal reach of the lower Yangtze River: Implications for river management

Deep-water navigation channels in the tidal reaches of the lower Yangtze River are affected by water and sediment fluxes that produce complex shoals and unstable channel conditions. The Fujiangsha reach is particularly difficult to manage, as it has many braided channels within the tidal fluctuation zone. In this study, hydrologic and topographic data from the Fujiangsha reach from 2012 to 2017 were used to examine the variations in deposition and erosion, flow diversion, shoals, and channel conditions. Since the Three Gorges Dam became operational and water storage was initiated, the Fujiangsha reach has shown an overall tendency toward erosion. Channels deeper than 10 m accounted for 83.7% of the total erosion of the Fujiangsha reach during 2012–2017. Moreover, the dominant channel-forming sediments have gradually changed from suspended sediments to a mixed load of suspended and bed-load sediments. Deposition volumes of these sediments has varied significantly among different channels, but has mainly occurred in the Fubei channel. Furthermore, periodic variations in the Jingjiang point bar have followed a deposition-erosion-deposition pattern, and the downstream Shuangjian shoal mid-channel bar has been scoured and shortened. Approximately 44.0% of the bed load from the upstream Fujiangsha reach is deposited within the 12.5-m deep Fubei channel. The increased erosion and river flow from the Jingjiang point bar and the Shuangjian shoal during the flood season constituted 59.3% and 40.7%, respectively, of the total amount of siltation in the Fubei channel.     

山东省黄河下游流域生态地球化学调查主要成果

农业地质环境调查成果表明,山东省黄河下游流域5．4万km^2的土地质量总体状况良好,绝大多数土地是清洁的。调查区内有99．9％的土壤为绿色土壤,可生产无公害小麦、玉米等农产品;一类土壤占92．7％,适宜于发展绿色食品生产;二类土壤占7．2％;三类土壤占0．1％。本次调查发现的重金属严重污染土地集中分布在城市的周边地区。浅层地下水地球化学调查结果表明,区内浅层地下水环境污染状况严重,水质优良的地段主要分布在济宁市区北、平阴周边、长清南、济南市区南部等靠近山前地段,其他平原地区的水环境质量多为较差或极差级（不能饮用）。     

三维侧位抛物线型方位漂移轨道设计的数值算法

考虑方位漂移因素的设计约束方程组是一个具有3个独立未知数、多个隐含未知数的非线性方程组,需要使用数值迭代法才能求出其数值解。给出了解析形式的垂深增量公式,利用约束方程组中的垂深方程,将3个独立未知数中的一个未知数表示成其他2个未知数的函数,并用之对设计约束方程组进行降维处理。剖析了隐含未知数的计算细节,给出了隐含未知数的递推算法。提出了降维后的约束方程组的数值求解算法——缩半网格法,该算法可以快速、可靠地求出设计问题的数值解,适用于在开发计算机软件时编程实现。     

黄河宁蒙段河道粗细双组分泥沙分选沉积特征

黄河宁蒙段河道淤积严重,阐明近源粗泥沙和远源细泥沙分选沉积规律对于河道淤积治理有重要意义。本研究基于120根河道钻孔泥沙样品,通过粒径分布和元素矿物组成,分析了河道>0.05 mm、>0.08 mm和>0.1 mm粗泥沙沿河分选沉积变化特征,并定量评估了近源粗泥沙和远源细泥沙沉积对于河道泥沙淤积的贡献。结果表明：黄河宁蒙段河道淤积的主要是来源于近源沙漠及其下伏砒砂岩区>0.08 mm的粗泥沙,而来源于上游黄土区<0.05 mm的细泥沙主要沉积在河道滩地,对河道淤积的贡献小于30%。因此,风水复合侵蚀引起的沿黄沙漠和下伏砒砂岩粗泥沙入黄是黄河宁蒙沙漠河段河道淤积的根源,也是该河段“悬河”的治理重点。     

水力与热力耦合的开河判别准则

寒带河流在春季往往会由于水力和热力因素的剧烈变化而引发冰盖溃决,国内俗称为"武开河"。这一现象会导致冰坝形成,造成巨大的自然灾害。通过冰盖断裂机理的力学分析,耦合热力对冰盖材料性质的影响,提出了一种开河判别方法。应用黄河河曲段实测原型资料进行验证分析,结果表明该准则判定结果与实际相符,是一种行之有效的判别准则。     

黄河冲积扇对中原城市群的地质控制作用

黄河冲积扇是中国中东部山前地区最大的冲积扇,其主体位于河南省。黄河冲积扇的形成发育的地质环境条件,冲积扇的地层岩性结构、水文地质特征,以及与其相邻地貌单元的地质和资源条件共同决定了中原城市群各城市的分布、发展规模、发展方向、产业结构等要素。通过黄河冲积扇的形成演化和本身地质、水文地质条件研究,从地质角度分析和探讨了中原城市群城市可持续发展的有利条件和影响因素,旨在为中原城市群的规划、建设提供地质科学依据。     

大位移井悬链线剖面设计的数值计算

悬链线剖面是大位移井轨道的经典类型,在进行设计时需要求解一个以悬链线初始井斜角为未知数的非线性方程。由于未知数包含在多个三角函数和对数函数中,计算工作量较大,而且常用的迭代求解方法存在一些问题。通过数学变换将该方程转换成一个只包含对数函数和多项式函数的新方程,对新方程的函数性态做了几何分析,进而提出了寻找求解区间的步长搜索算法和自适应步长搜索算法。利用二分法在求解区间上能够快速求出新方程的数值解。利用大位移井设计实例验证了本文算法的有效性,并对圆弧井段井眼曲率与方程解的关系进行了讨论。本文提出的算法可用于大位移井轨道设计的计算机软件开发中。     

Patterns in stream longitudinal profiles and implications for hyporheic exchange flow at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest,Oregon, USA

There is a need to identify measurable characteristics of stream channel morphology that vary predictably throughout stream networks and that influence patterns of hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams. In this paper we characterize stream longitudinal profiles according to channel unit spacing and the concavity of the water surface profile. We demonstrate that: (1) the spacing between zones of upwelling and downwelling in the beds of mountain streams is closely related to channel unit spacing; (2) the magnitude of the vertical hydraulic gradients (VHGs) driving hyporheic exchange flow increase with increasing water surface concavity, measured at specific points along the longitudinal profile; (3) channel unit spacing and water surface concavity are useful metrics for predicting how patterns in hyporheic exchange vary amongst headwater and mid‐order streams. We use regression models to describe changes in channel unit spacing and concavity in longitudinal profiles for 12 randomly selected stream reaches spanning 62 km² in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. Channel unit spacing increased significantly, whereas average water surface concavity (AWSC) decreased significantly with increasing basin area. Piezometer transects installed longitudinally in a subset of stream reaches were used to measure VHG in the hyporheic zone, and to determine the location of upwelling and downwelling zones. Predictions for median pool length and median distance between steps in piezometer reaches bracketed the median distance separating zones of upwelling in the stream bed. VHG in individual piezometers increased with increasing water surface concavity at individual points in the longitudinal profile along piezometer transects. Absolute values of VHG, averaged throughout piezometer transects, increased with increasing AWSC, indicating increased potential for hyporheic exchange flow. These findings suggest that average hyporheic flow path lengths increase—and the potential for hyporheic exchange flow in stream reaches decreases—along the continuum from headwater to mid‐order mountain streams. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.