重庆市气候灾害监测预警系统设计

阐述了建设重庆市气候灾害监测预警系统的意义,介绍了系统设计方案、系统结构与功能、气候灾害指标以及在试运行中的监测效果,最后描述系统后期的完善设计思路及欲达的目标。     

车辆监控系统中GPRS通信平台的设计与实现

针对车辆监控系统中数据传输速度、费用等问题,提出了一种基于GPRS（General Packet Radio Service）技术的无线通信平台。该平台在车载终端GPRS模块的通信链路和监控中心通讯服务器之间建立了一条费用低、实时性高、通信覆盖范围广的双向无线数据传输通道,并对其通信性能进行了验证和分析,结果表明达到了通信平台设计性能的要求。     

EAF implementation in Southern Africa: Lessons learnt

The practical implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) management has proved difficult to achieve. Without simple and structured guidelines for implementing an EAF, managers are grappling with the complexity of implementation and the need to prioritise resources and management actions. Ecological risk assessment has been put forward as a structured procedure. There is a need to review regularly whether progress is being made in addressing the issues and priorities identified through ecological risk assessment. Such reviews require a framework providing clear objectives for the respective fishery and delineating the steps required towards their achievement. This paper proposes a generic framework for reviewing ecological risk assessments through stakeholder workshops. This framework is aided by a fuzzy logic tool to track EAF implementation and informs the development of proactive work plans which incorporate EAF objectives. The advantages and disadvantages of a generic and participatory approach are discussed and compared with other related methods for evaluating progress in implementing an EAF.     

Optimization methodology for a river temperature monitoring network for the characterization of fish thermal habitat

A methodology for planning an optimized river water temperature monitoring network is presented. The methodology is based on sampling of the physio-climatic variability of the region to be monitored. Physio-climatic metrics are selected to describe the study region, based on principal component analysis. The sites to be monitored are then identified based on a k-means clustering in the multidimensional space defined by the selected metrics. The methodology is validated on an existing dense water temperature network in Haute-Savoie, France. Different configurations of more or less dense network scenarios are evaluated by assessing their ability to estimate water temperature indices at ungauged locations. An optimized network containing 83 sites is found to provide satisfactory estimations for seven ecologically and biologically meaningful thermal indices defined to characterize brown trout thermal habitat.     

A Research on the 2014 Wenzhou M4.2 Earthquake in the Shanxi Reservoir

Complete records of more than 3,000 earthquake events in the Shanxi, Wenzhou reservoir earthquake sequence were recorded from August to November,2014 by the high-density,high-resolution monitoring stations of the Zhejiang Regional Digital Seismic Network and the reservoir earthquake monitoring network,with a maximum magnitude of M4. 2. Based on 3-D epicenter location, focal mechanism solutions, and in combination with the geological and tectonic characteristics of the reservoir area,the earthquake sequence is discussed in this paper. The linear fitting of the Hypo SAT location results show that the main shock occurred in the NW trending fault and the earthquake sequence is concentrated in bands along the active faults,with a strike of305 °,dipping SW with dip angle of 85 °. By using P-wave first motion symbols, we obtained the average focal mechanism of M ≥ 3. 5 earthquakes,with a strike 308 ° and dip 84 ° for nodal plane II. The field geological survey and research show that the strike,dip and rake of nodal plane II are roughly consistent with the occurrence of the Shuangxi-Jiaoxi fault. The comprehensive analysis reveals that the NW-trending Shuangxi-Jiaoxi fault is the seismogenic structure of the earthquakes.     

基于有色噪声模型的GPS速度场精度与时间序列长度相关性研究

利用2010—2015年陆态网络GPS连续观测站的三维站坐标时序资料, 在采用最大似然估计MLE方法计算得到云南地区GPS基准站三维站坐标分量最优噪声模型的基础上, 进一步定量对比分析了有色噪声和白噪声模型下陆态网络GPS连续站速度场稳定性与时间序列长度的关系。 结果表明: 在闪烁噪声模型下, 中国大陆大部分地区GPS连续站1 a时段的速度不确定度大。 而随着时间的逐年累积, 闪烁噪声模型下的速度不确定度与同时段白噪声模型下的差异逐步减小, 闪烁噪声模型下3～4 a时段的速度不确定度与同时段白噪声模型的差异小于0.2 mm。 研究说明在有色噪声模型下要获得高精度的速度场需要3～4 a的观测数据, 白噪声模型下GPS速度场精度可靠可信的前提是采用不少于3～4 a的数据。     

下粗上细的苏20新井结构及其监测效能分析

本文介绍了苏20新井下粗上细结构及成井工艺,其中上部套管内径为146mm,下部套管内径为180mm。对其监测效能进行了分析,并从日潮差、峰谷出现时间、M_2波潮汐因子等角度比较不同井孔结构的响应能力。同时,对地震系统今后建井给出了借鉴性的建议,即按下粗上细新结构、新工艺施工成井,提高地震观测井对地壳应力应变的响应能力。     

Consistency of stress state,locations and source mechanisms of events induced by hydraulic fracturing: downhole monitoring

We present results of processed microseismic events induced by hydraulic fracturing and detected using dual downhole monitoring arrays. The results provide valuable insight into hydraulic fracturing. For our study, we detected and located microseismic events and determined their magnitudes, source mechanisms and inverted stress field orientation. Event locations formed a distinct linear trend above the stimulated intervals. Source mechanisms were only computed for high‐quality events detected on a sufficient number of receivers. All the detected source mechanisms were dip‐slip mechanisms with steep and nearly horizontal nodal planes. The source mechanisms represented shear events and the non‐double‐couple components were very small. Such small, non‐double‐couple components are consistent with a noise level in the data and velocity model uncertainties. Strikes of inverted mechanisms corresponding to the nearly vertical fault plane are (within the error of measurements) identical with the strike of the location trend. Ambient principal stress directions were inverted from the source mechanisms. The least principal stress, σ₃, was determined perpendicular to the strike of the trend of the locations, indicating that the hydraulic fracture propagated in the direction of maximum horizontal stress. Our analysis indicated that the source mechanisms observed using downhole instruments are consistent with the source mechanisms observed in microseismic monitoring arrays in other locations. Furthermore, the orientation of the inverted principal components of the ambient stress field is in agreement with the orientation of the known regional stress, implying that microseismic events induced by hydraulic fracturing are controlled by the regional stress field.     

Sub‐sample time shift and horizontal displacement measurements using phase‐correlation method in time‐lapse seismic

Hydrocarbon production and fluid injection affect the level of subsurface stress and physical properties of the subsurface, and can cause reservoir‐related issues, such as compaction and subsidence. Monitoring of oil and gas reservoirs is therefore crucial. Time‐lapse seismic is used to monitor reservoirs and provide evidence of saturation and pressure changes within the reservoir. However, relative to background velocities and reflector depths, the time‐lapse changes in velocity and geomechanical properties are typically small between consecutive surveys. These changes can be measured by using apparent displacement between migrated images obtained from recorded data of multiple time‐lapse surveys. Apparent displacement measurements by using the classical cross‐correlation method are poorly resolved. Here, we propose the use of a phase‐correlation method, which has been developed in satellite imaging for sub‐pixel registration of the images, to overcome the limitations of cross‐correlation. Phase correlation provides both vertical and horizontal displacements with a much better resolution. After testing the method on synthetic data, we apply it to a real dataset from the Norne oil field and show that the phase‐correlation method can indeed provide better resolution.     

高铁地震信号直达波波形反演建模

高铁地震信号由高速行驶的高铁列车与铁轨挤压形变后产生,具有频带宽、低频强、重复性好等优点.如何利用高铁地震信号进行地下介质重构,尚处于前期探索阶段.全波形反演建模技术是目前地球物理领域建模精度较高的方法之一,但其需要低频数据才能保证结果的稳定收敛,因此利用全波形反演对高铁地震信号进行近地表建模及属性变化监测和灾害预警具有独特优势.本文通过对高铁地震信号的分析,研究了高铁地震的理论震源信号和基于桥墩的离散震源信号,并通过模型测试实现了利用高铁地震信号的全波形反演建模及属性变化监测.