Latitudinal variation of leaf morphological traits from species to communities along a forest transect in eastern China

Comprehensive information on geographic patterns of leaf morphological traits in Chinese forests is still scarce. To explore the spatial patterns of leaf traits, we investigated leaf area (LA), leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) across 847 species from nine typical forests along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) between July and August 2013, and also calculated the community weighted means (CWM) of leaf traits by determining the relative dominance of each species. Our results showed that, for all species, the means (± SE) of LA, LT, SLA, and LDMC were 2860.01 ± 135.37 mm², 0.17 ± 0.003 mm, 20.15 ± 0.43 m² kg^–1, and 316.73 ± 3.81 mg g^–1, respectively. Furthermore, latitudinal variation in leaf traits differed at the species and community levels. Generally, at the species level, SLA increased and LDMC decreased as latitude increased, whereas no clear latitudinal trends among LA or LT were found, which could be the result of shifts in plant functional types. When scaling up to the community level, more significant spatial patterns of leaf traits were observed (R ² = 0.46–0.71), driven by climate and soil N content. These results provided synthetic data compilation and analyses to better parameterize complex ecological models in the future, and emphasized the importance of scaling-up when studying the biogeographic patterns of plant traits.     

基于自由振动响应的基础隔震建筑减震能力评估方法研究

目前国内外已修建完成了大量隔震建筑,但仅有少量经受了地震检验,绝大部分隔震结构减震能力能否达到设计目标尚存疑问.本文针对基础隔震建筑,提出了一种基于自由振动响应的减震能力评估方法.首先,对隔震建筑进行多级幅值初位移自由振动原位试验,获取结构的抗震能力曲线;其次,根据地震反应谱建立地震需求曲面,进而确定隔震结构性能点;最...     

大兴安岭和长白山地形影响东北夏季降水的数值模拟研究

利用区域数值模式WRF-ARW（V3.9）开展高分辨率数值模拟试验,研究了东北地区大兴安岭和长白山地形对该地区夏季降水的单独和共同影响。结果表明,东北地区两大山脉地形可以显著影响东北及其周边区域的大气环流和降水。大兴安岭和长白山地形的阻挡作用使得夏季偏南气流在两个山脉的迎风坡一侧堆积,引起局地水汽增加并产生上升运动,因此两个山脉的迎风坡一侧降水增加;而在两个山脉的背风坡一侧,局地水汽减少并伴随下沉运动,因此两个山脉的背风坡一侧降水减少。大兴安岭地形的存在使得其东侧到松嫩平原地区夏季降水增加1.09 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为30%）,而使其西侧蒙古东部地区夏季降水减少0.69 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为24%）;长白山地形的存在使得长白山南侧到朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水增加1.76 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为26%）,而使其北侧三江平原地区夏季降水减少0.81 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为22%）。当大兴安岭与长白山同时存在时,两者的协同作用会减弱蒙古东部、松嫩平原和朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水的响应,而增强三江平原地区夏季降水的响应。该研究结果对于理解东北地区当代气候的形成具有重要的科学意义。     

Petrogenesis of extension-related alkaline volcanism in Karaburhan (Sivrihisar–Eskisehir), NW Anatolia, Turkey

Alkaline lavas were erupted as phonolites and trachytes around Karaburhan (Sivrihisar–Eskisehir, NW Anatolia) within the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone. These volcanic rocks were emplaced as domes, close and parallel to the ophiolite thrust line. According to ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronological analyses of sanidine crystals from the phonolites, the age of the alkaline volcanics is 25 Ma (Late Oligocene–Early Miocene).The flow-textured phonolites are porphyritic and consist mainly of sanidine, clinopyroxene, and feldspathoid crystals. The clinopyroxenes show compositional zoning, with aegirine (Na_0.82–0.96Fe⁺³_0.68–0.83) rims and aegirine–augite cores (containing calcium, magnesium, and Fe⁺²). Some aegirine–augites are replaced with sodium-, calcium-, and magnesium-rich amphibole (hastingsite). Feldspathoid (hauyne) crystals enriched with elemental Na and Ca have been almost completely altered to zeolite and carbonate minerals. The fine-grained trachytes with a trachytic texture consist of feldspar (oligoclase and sanidine) phenocrystals and clinopyroxene microphenocrystals within a groundmass made up largely of alkali feldspar microlites.Although there are some differences in their element patterns, the phonolites and trachytes exhibit enrichment in LILEs (Sr, K, Rb, Ba, Th) and LREEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) and negative anomalies in Nb and Ta. These geochemical characteristics indicate a lithospheric mantle enriched by fluids extracted from the subduction component. In addition, the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.706358–0.708052) and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.512546–0.512646) isotope concentrations of the alkaline lavas reflect a mantle source that has undergone metasomatism by subduction-derived fluids. Petrogenetic modeling indicates that the alkaline lavas generated from the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle have undergone assimilation, fractional crystallization, and crustal contamination, acquiring high Pb, Ba, Rb, and Sr contents and Pb isotopic compositions during their ascent through the thickened crust in an extensional setting.     

The influence of volcanism on paleoclimate in the northeast of China： Insights from Jinchuan peat, Jilin Province, China

Just like contemporary sediments, peat itself is a good repository of information about climate change, the effects of volcanic activity on climate change have been truly recorded in peat, since it is a major archive of volcanic eruption incidents. A section of sand was identified as tephra from the Jinchuan peat, Jilin Province, China, for the grains look like slag with surface bubbles and pits, characterized by high porosity, and loose structure with irregular edges and corners. According to the peat characteristics of uniform deposition, the tephra was dated at 2002–1976 a B.P. by way of linear interpolation, so the time of volcanic eruption was 15 B.C.–26 A.D. (the calibrated age). While the geochemical characteristics of tephra in this study are quite the same as those of tephra from the Jinlongdingzi volcano at Longgang and from alkaline basaltic magma, with the contents of SiO₂<55%, and the similar contents to Al₂O₃ and Fe, but the contents of Na₂O>K₂O. We speculated that the tephra in this study came from the Longgang volcano group. Compared with 11 recorded volcanic eruption events as shown on the carbon and oxygen isotope curves of the Jinchuan peat cellulose, it is obviously seen that adjacent or large-scale volcanic eruptions are precisely corresponding to the minimum temperature and humidity. It seems that these volcanic eruptions indeed affected the local climate, leading to the drop of regional temperature and humidity. As a result, there was prevailing a cold and dry climate there, and all these changes can be well recorded in peat. So the comparison of volcanic eruption events with information about climate change developed from peat, can provide strong evidence for the impact of volcanism on climate change.     

水温和余氯对泥蚶胚胎发育的毒性效应

为了研究三门湾海域温排水污染对水生动物发育的影响,本实验通过室内模拟三门湾核电站温排水的余氯残留和温升效应,研究了不同温度和不同游离余氯质量浓度耦合下对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)胚胎发育的影响.实验水温为29℃、32℃和35℃,游离余氯质量浓度为0.025、0.050、0.100、0.200、0.40...     

APPRAISAL OF GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN THE SOVIET UNION

Global distributions are commonly described by maps and tables which emphasize the dispersion of a distribution. The Mean Spheroidal Center (M.S.C.) defines the average location of a world distribution. It is an objectively determined point within the sphere's surface. The M.S.C. calculations are demonstrated using the world's 25 largest cities in each of four time periods.     

西部县域旅游经济发展的路径选择研究——从“丽江模式”到“腾冲现象”

通过回顾腾冲和丽江旅游产业发展的历程,对“丽江模式”和“腾冲现象”的核心内容予以剖析.在此基础上,分别从资源特征、市场定位、政府职能建设和旅游产业发展取向4个方面对两地旅游经济发展方式予以比较.认为解决资金瓶颈的制约、发挥好政府的引导功能和准确的市场定位策略是“丽江模式”和“腾冲现象”成功的经验所在.研究对于解决西部旅游资源富集的经济欠发达地区的旅游资源开发、政府职能建设、旅游产业改革等问题具有一定的参考和借鉴价值.     

中国能源消费增长特征及影响因素分析

以煤炭消费为主、总量增长迅速、结构演进缓慢、使用效率低下使得中国目前能源消费调控问题面临诸多困难。本文使用多元回归模型和通径分析法确定了中国能源消费增长的主要因子及各因子的作用机理,结果发现：影响中国能源消费的主要因素按照影响程度依次为经济增长、城市化水平、对外贸易、人口总量、能源消费结构及能源利用效率,其中经济增长、人口规模扩大是直接推动中国能源消费增长的原因,而城市化水平和对外贸易规模则通过间接作用推动能源消费增长,能源消费结构的改善和能源利用效率的提高表面上看起来会引发能源消费增加,但是其间接影响都是负的,从而使得这两个因素整体上表现为减缓了能源消费增长。     

Finding shortest paths on real road networks: the case for A*

The problem of identifying the shortest path along a road network is a fundamental problem in network analysis, ranging from route guidance in a navigation system to solving spatial allocation problems. Since this type of problem is solved so frequently, it is important to craft an approach that is as efficient as possible. Based upon past research, it is generally accepted that several efficient implementations of the Dijkstra algorithm are the fastest at optimally solving the ‘one‐to‐one’ shortest path problem (Cherkassky et al. 1996 Cherkassky, B. V., Goldberg, A. V. and Radzik, T. 1996. Shortest paths algorithms: theory and experimental evaluation.. Mathematical Programming: Series A and B, 73: 129–174. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We show that the most efficient state‐of‐the‐art implementations of Dijkstra can be improved by taking advantage of network properties associated with GIS‐sourced data. The results of this paper, derived from tests of different algorithmic approaches on real road networks, will be extremely valuable for application developers and researchers in the GIS community.