Integrating isolated and riparian wetland modules in the PHYSITEL/HYDROTEL modelling platform: model performance and diagnosis

Mathematical modelling is a well‐accepted framework to evaluate the effects of wetlands on stream flow and watershed hydrology in general. Although the integration of wetland modules into a distributed hydrological model represents a cost‐effective way to make this assessment, the added value brought by landscape‐specific modules to a model's ability to replicate basic hydrograph characteristics remains unclear. The objectives of this paper were the following: (i) to present the adaptation of PHYSITEL (a geographic information system) to parameterize isolated and riparian wetlands; (ii) to describe the integration of specific isolated wetland and riparian wetland modules into HYDROTEL, a distributed hydrological model; and (iii) to evaluate the performance of the updated modelling platform with respect to the capacity of replicating various hydrograph characteristics. To achieve this, two sets of simulations were performed (with and without wetland modules), and the added value was assessed at three river segments of the Becancour River watershed, Quebec, Canada, using six general goodness‐of‐fit indicators and 14 water flow criteria. A sensitivity analysis of the wetland module parameters was performed to characterize their impact on stream flows of the modelled watershed. Results of this study indicate the following: (i) integration of specific wetland modules can slightly increase the capacity of HYDROTEL to replicate basic hydrograph characteristics; and (ii) the updated modelling platform allows for the explicit assessment of the impact of wetlands (e.g. typology and location) on watershed hydrology. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东北帕米尔中新世中下地壳物质的折返过程：公格尔西滑脱剪切带的构造变形与年代学证据

公格尔西滑脱剪切带位于东北帕米尔公格尔片麻岩穹窿西缘。通过我们详细的野外观测、显微构造观察、石英电子背散射衍射(EBSD)测试以及锆石U-Pb测年,对公格尔西滑脱剪切带的几何学、运动学特征及其形成演化时限进行了研究。公格尔西滑脱剪切带糜棱岩中大量的石榴子石、矽线石和蓝晶石等表明其为高级变质产物。S/C组构、旋转碎斑及不对称褶皱等变形现象说明剪切带上盘向W或SW低角度剪切的运动特征。高级变质糜棱岩和浅色岩脉记录约20 Ma的206 U-238Pb锆石年龄,说明公格尔西滑脱剪切带初始形成于早中新世。结合前人研究成果,我们认为公格尔西滑脱剪切带曾是狭长的帕米尔中下地壳滑脱带的最北段。由于新生代印度亚洲大陆碰撞以后印度板块仍持续向N俯冲推进,帕米尔地壳由S向N开始增厚,进变质作用最初发生于南帕米尔,约20 Ma时到达北帕米尔。东北帕米尔中下地壳物质开始折返于中新世中期。而直到6~4 Ma,东北帕米尔公格尔地区开始快速隆起,此时公格尔新生代高级变质岩才快速折返。     

内蒙古东乌旗早二叠世超镁铁岩的发现及其构造意义

为研究东乌旗晚古生代地幔性质和造山演化特征,对在东乌旗西部首次发现的超镁铁岩—辉闪橄榄岩进行系统的岩相学和元素地球化学研究。东乌旗辉闪橄榄岩主要由橄榄石、角闪石、斜方辉石及少量斜长石、单斜辉石组成,SiO_2含量介于42.84%~43.96%、MgO(24.10%~26.10%)、Na_2O+K_2O(1.52%~2.32%,小于3.5%),低m/f(3.03~3.54)比值和高FeO~T(12.67%~14.33%)的含量、高Mg~#(76.42~79.20),属铁质超镁铁岩和拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石稀土总量较高(∑REE=39.57×10~(-6)~83.32×10~(-6)),轻稀土(LREE)相对于重稀土(HREE)明显富集[(La/Yb)_N=4.04~7.66],Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.90~0.95),稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式表现为轻稀土相对富集的右倾型。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Cs、Rb、Ba、Sr、K等,相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta,具明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,而又有别于强烈Nb、Ta亏损的岛弧岩浆岩;相容元素Cr(769×10~(-6)~2480×10~(-6))、Ni(454×10~(-6)~901×10~(-6))含量较高;低Th/U(2.54~3.03)、Nb/U(3.40~12.85)比值和高La/Nb(2.60~3.63)、Ba/Nb(43.11~72.52)、Zr/Y(5.45~7.83)比值。综上,结合区域最新研究成果,我们认为辉闪橄榄岩来源于受俯冲流体交代的尖晶石相地幔橄榄岩部分熔融,上升过程中受地壳物质不同程度的混染,形成于早二叠世板内伸展构造体制,与古亚洲洋闭合之后板内非造山作用有关。这一认识填补了早二叠世幔源岩浆事件和非造山阶段超镁铁质岩石记录的空白。     

The variation of crustal stretching and different modes of rifting along the Australian southern continental margin

The southern margin of Australia is a passive continental margin, formed during a Late Jurassic–Cretaceous rifting phase. The development of this passive margin is mainly associated with extensional processes that caused crustal thinning. In this work, we have measured the amount of extension and the stretching factor (β factor) across seven transect profiles approximately evenly distributed across the margin. The obtained results show that the amount of extension and the β factor along the margin vary from west to east. The lowest amount of extension, low–intermediate β factors and a very narrow margin are observed in the western part with 80 km of extension and is underlain mostly by the Archean Yilgarn Craton and the Albany–Fraser Orogen. The Gawler Craton in the centre of the south Australian margin is another region of low extension and low–intermediate β factor. The largest amount of extension (384 km) and the largest β factor (β = 1.88) are found in the eastern part of the passive margin in an area underlain by Phanerozoic Tasman Orogen units. Our results imply that there is a strong control of the age and thickness of the continental lithosphere on the style of rifting along the Australian passive margin. Rifting of old and cold lithosphere results in a narrow passive margin, with the formation of relatively few faults with relatively wide spacing, while rifting of younger, warmer lithosphere leads to wide rifting that is accommodated by a large number of faults with small spacing.     

天山南麓库车晚新生代褶皱-冲断带

库车褶皱冲断带位于天山南麓,由近东西走向的多条构造带组成。三叠系暗色泥岩、侏罗系煤层、古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成库车褶皱冲断带的区域性主滑脱面。褶皱冲断带底面由北向南逐渐抬高。褶皱冲断带主体发育盖层滑脱-冲断构造(薄皮构造),基底卷入型冲断构造(厚皮构造)见于北缘的根带。新生界膏盐层之上构造变形以滑脱褶皱为特色,之下以冲断构造为特色。库车褶皱冲断带是印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,(南)天山晚新生代造山过程的产物。褶皱冲断带构造变形的动力来源主要是造山楔向塔里木盆地推进所形成的挤压构造应力。褶皱冲断带构造变形的起始时间为约23Ma,构造变形具有阶段式加速的特点,已经识别出约23Ma、约10Ma、5~2Ma和1~0Ma共4个变形加速期。褶皱冲断带的演化过程为前展式,褶皱冲断带前锋向南推进的同时,后缘持续变形。     

湘西地区脉状钨锑金矿床的矿体侧伏与板柱状赋存规律

湘西地区脉状钨锑金矿床矿体严格受构造控制,并普遍具有沿倾向发育较深、侧伏和板柱状赋存的规律。文章阐述了矿体侧伏的控制因素,并以沃溪金矿和泥潭冲金矿为例,分析了褶皱和断裂控制的板柱状矿床(体)的构造特点,总结了矿体板柱状赋存的成因以及矿体侧伏和板柱状赋存的规律,认为应该利用矿体的侧伏和板柱状赋存的规律指导勘查工作。     

川西龙门山前陆盆地晚新生代沉积记录与构造响应

龙门山前陆盆地位于青藏高原东缘,夹于龙门山推覆造山带与龙泉山褶断带之间。自4.6 Ma以来,逆冲推覆构造运动使龙门山造山带强烈隆升,古河流的侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用使盆地沉积了1套巨厚的半固结—松散堆积物。通过对沉积特征和沉积结构的综合研究,认为龙门山前陆盆地是由自东向西的深部多级俯冲潜滑而引起的浅部由西向东的多层次推覆作用形成的,其晚新生代逆冲推覆构造所产生的构造负载是龙门山前陆盆地的成盆动力。岩浆物质的循环过程表明成都盆地在形成过程中遵循物质循环与能量守恒定律。龙门山前陆盆地地质构造的沉积响应表现为:沉积基底整体上向西倾斜,盆地剖面明显不对称;沉积地层与下伏地层均为不整合接触;盆内发育了一系列相间排列的次级凹陷和凸起,并呈雁斜式展布;砾质粗碎屑楔状体的周期性发育。从盆地动力学的角度初步分析了龙门山前陆盆地盆-山耦合关系,龙门山冲断带及其前陆盆地的研究对于大地构造位置、成矿作用以及油气聚集地的勘探等具有重要意义。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷隐蔽性断层构造特征分析与预测

晚白垩世晚期—新生代发育的高邮凹陷,是苏北盆地南部典型富含油气的半地堑式断陷盆地,自南向北分为南断阶、深凹带与北斜坡。该凹陷复杂断裂构造系统与相应的沉积格局受印支期NEE向逆冲基底断层系与晚侏罗世伊泽纳崎板块高速斜向俯冲形成的NNE向左行平移基底断层系影响,同时受古近纪期间区域近SN向拉张应力状态控制。北斜坡东部花瓦构造带主体EW向正断层与NNE向隐蔽性断层发育了限制型、连接型、复合型3类隐蔽性断块圈闭模式,同时在平面上形成多种组合样式。通过研究花瓦区隐蔽性断块圈闭实例与有限差分法数值模拟,分析总结出高邮凹陷NNE向隐蔽性断层的成因机制与构造特征,并推断了5条隐蔽性断层发育带。     

右江盆地晚侏罗世钾玄质高镁安山岩的厘定及其构造意义

右江盆地在大地构造上处于特提斯和滨太平洋构造域的结合部位。本文报道了该盆地东部杨屯安山岩的岩相学、年代学和地球化学特征。杨屯安山岩具斑状结构和气孔状构造,斑晶主要为辉石,基质以针状斜长石微晶为主,含少量辉石。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明杨屯安山岩的喷发时代为159.3±2.8Ma,即晚侏罗世。样品的Si O2含量为53.13%~55.71%,具高MgO(6.74%~8.85%)、Mg#值(63~72)、Cr(416×10~(-6)~565×10~(-6))和Ni(207×10~(-6)~246×10~(-6)),低Fe OT/MgO(0.83~1.23)等特征,与典型高镁安山岩的特征相似。所有样品具高K2O(3.39%~4.77%)和K2O/Na2O(1.31~2.33),同时也具钾玄质岩石的地球化学特征。样品强烈富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,而亏损高场强元素,具较高的Rb/Sr(0.20~0.46)和较低的Ba/Rb(7.17~9.30),富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.70738~0.70739,εNd(t)=-3.6~-3.4)。元素和同位素特征表明杨屯钾玄质高镁安山岩是含金云母的富集岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,形成于板内伸展环境而不是岛弧环境。晚侏罗世杨屯钾玄质高镁安山岩的厘定,反映了该时期右江地区处于岩石圈伸展-减薄阶段。     

Interaction between trench retreat and Anatolian escape as recorded by neogene basins in the northern Aegean Sea

The evolution of the North Aegean Sea is studied through the development of three deep basins: the North Aegean Trough, the North Skyros Basin and the Ikaria Basin. Bathymetric data, a 2D seismic dataset and the well-investigated stratigraphic records of the onshore deep basins of northern Greece and Western Turkey were used to make structural and seismic stratigraphic interpretations. The study area shows two sharp unconformities that correspond to the Eocene-Oligocene transition and the Miocene-Pliocene shift. These discontinuities were used as marker horizons for a more detailed structural and seismic stratigraphic interpretation resulting in the identification of several seismic units. A general seismic signature chart was established using onshore basin stratigraphy and well data, which was then used to constrain the ages of the different seismic units. The main features observed in the basins are interpreted as: 1) trans-tensional growth patterns in Pliocene and Quaternary sediments that combine NE–SW trending and steeply dipping fault zones that likely correspond to strike-slip corridors and E-W/WNW-ESE trending normal faults, 2) regional erosional truncations of Miocene sediments, likely related to the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), 3) thick delta-turbidite deposits of Neogene age. Only the North Aegean Trough shows evidence of earlier development and polyphase deformation through inversion structures, and additional seismic units. Extension processes in the Aegean region have been driven by the Hellenic slab rollback since the middle Eocene. The widespread development of Neogene basins at the whole Aegean scale attests to a major tectonic change due to an acceleration of the trench retreat in the middle Miocene. The present study shows that the Neogene basins of the North Aegean Sea developed in dextral transtension with the northward migration of the associated NE-SW trending strike-slip faults. At regional scale, this tectonic pattern indicates that the westward escape of Anatolia started to interact with the trench retreat in the middle Miocene, around 10 Myr before the arrival of the North Anatolian Fault in the North Aegean Sea.