黄骅坳陷新生界火成岩岩相与储集性能分析

通过取芯段火成岩岩芯观察、测井以及地震相分析,将黄骅坳陷新生界火山岩划分为爆发相、溢流相、火山通道相和火山沉积相4种,并根据储集空间特征进一步划分为10种亚相,将侵入岩划分为3个相带。在此基础上建立黄骅坳陷火成岩岩相模式,并分析不同岩相火成岩的储集性能。研究认为：研究区溢流相上下区亚相和爆发相储集物性优越,构造裂缝和原生气孔发育,气孔、溶蚀孔缝、构造缝为主要储集空间;侵入相和次火山岩相火成岩由于热液作用造成围岩发生变质,原岩结构构造发生变化,使原来孔渗条件极差的泥岩变质为具有一定储集性能的储集岩;主要储集空间为收缩裂隙和构造裂隙。     

帕米尔弧形构造带的构造过程与地貌特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是印度-欧亚板块碰撞变形最强烈的地区之一,是研究构造过程、地貌演化以及气候变化及其相互作用的理想场所。本文基于前人的研究成果,对帕米尔弧形构造带新生代构造单元、地貌特征和动力学演化模型进行了总结归纳,包括:主要构造单元的活动起止时间、活动量及活动速率;帕米尔弧形构造带现今的地貌特征(水系和冰川的分布);帕米尔弧形构造带6种主要的地球动力学演化模型的主要样式、优点及限制。论文提出了帕米尔弧形构造带晚新生代构造研究的三个重要的科学问题:精细厘定构造带内部的不同断裂带运动学特征和相互关系;深部地质过程与浅部响应相结合,探讨构造带形成的深部地质过程控制;将构造过程、气候特征与地貌演化作为一个耦合系统开展研究。     

传统时期太湖流域的渔民及其生计

传统时期太湖流域的渔民群体分为陆上定居的兼业渔民(仍属农民身份)和水上流动的专业渔民,其生产与生活方式因水环境和鱼资源的分布而存在区域差异。太湖周边低地湖荡区的兼业渔民从事捕鱼的环境支持度和资源便利程度较高,渔业在农村副业序列中占有重要地位。东部河网地区水鱼资源欠丰,捕鱼技术简单,农民捕鱼生产的季节性和流动性较大。太湖上流动捕鱼的专业渔民生产技术高,具有规模化和互助性,构成自然捕捞商品鱼生产的主力大军。流动于东部内河上的专业渔民以单家独户生产为主,产量低收入少,缺乏互助合作。各类渔民共同具有的流动性和人口来源的复杂性,使其成为社会安全管理的重灾区,也是促成20世纪60,70年代政府彻底实施渔民上岸定居的重要原因。     

大陆风化与全球气候变化

:“构造隆升驱动气候变化”的假说是当前解释新生代以来全球气候变冷的主流观点。该假说把新生代以来发生的几个主要现象 ,即全球气候总体上趋冷 ,大气 CO2 浓度下降 ,海洋 87Sr/ 86Sr比值上升 ,以及构造作用引起的大面积隆升等加以有机的联系 ,给以了合理的解释。近几年围绕大陆风化和全球气候变化问题取得了一些新的进展 ,主要是对发源于喜马拉雅山的河流进行研究 ,探讨青藏高原隆起对于大陆风化速率的影响。这些争论主要是有关硅酸盐风化还是碳酸盐风化 ,有机碳的风化与埋藏 ,大陆风化与大气温度 ,大气 CO2 浓度与大气温度等问题。最后介绍了我国研究人员在黄土高原的黄土沉积地层所作的研究工作和取得的成果。     

传承和发扬人文与经济地理学前辈的精神和知识体系——人文与经济地理学青年论坛综述

2018年1月27-28日,人文与经济地理学青年论坛暨第二届中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室青年论坛在北京国家会议中心成功举办。论坛以“人文与经济地理学的传承与创新：青年学者的责任与行动”为主题,来自全国100余家高校和研究机构从事人文与经济地理学相关研究的青年学者370余人参会。这说明人文与经济地理学青年学者很活跃、有热情、有担当意识。青年学者要加强学习、传承和发扬人文与经济地理学前辈的精神和知识体系,迎接人文与经济地理学繁荣发展的新时代。     

Separation of rifting and lithospheric folding signatures in the NW-Alpine foreland

The development of the Alpine mountain belt has been governed by the convergence of the African and European plates since the Late Cretaceous. During the Cenozoic, this orogeny was accompanied with two major kinds of intraplate deformation in the NW-European foreland: (1) the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS), a left-lateral transtensional wrench zone striking NNE-SSW between the western Mediterranean Sea and the Bohemian Massif; (2) long-wavelength lithospheric folds striking NE and located between the Alpine front and the North Sea. The present-day geometry of the European crust comprises the signatures of these two events superimposed on all preceding ones. In order to better define the processes and causes of each event, we identify and separate their respective geometrical signatures on depth maps of the pre-Mesozoic basement and of the Moho. We derive the respective timing of rifting and folding from sedimentary accumulation curves computed for selected locations of the Upper Rhine Graben. From this geometrical and chronological separation, we infer that the ECRIS developed mostly from 37 to 17 Ma, in response to north-directed impingement of Adria into the European plate. Lithospheric folds developed between 17 and 0 Ma, after the azimuth of relative displacement between Adria and Europe turned counter-clockwise to NW–SE. The geometry of these folds (wavelength = 270 km; amplitude = 1,500 m) is consistent with the geometry, as predicted by analogue and numerical models, of buckle folds produced by horizontal shortening of the whole lithosphere. The development of the folds resulted in ca. 1,000 m of rock uplift along the hinge lines of the anticlines (Burgundy–Swabian Jura and Normandy–Vogelsberg) and ca. 500 m of rock subsidence along the hinge line of the intervening syncline (Sologne–Franconian Basin). The grabens of the ECRIS were tilted by the development of the folds, and their rift-related sedimentary infill was reduced on anticlines, while sedimentary accumulation was enhanced in synclines. We interpret the occurrence of Miocene volcanic activity and of topographic highs, and the basement and Moho configurations in the Vosges–Black Forest area and in the Rhenish Massif as interference patterns between linear lithospheric anticlines and linear grabens, rather than as signatures of asthenospheric plumes.

On the age calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale

Knowledge of the age of undated events is not null if a time-order relationship can be found among these events. The knowledge of such a time-ordered sequence can be formalized by using non-informative (uniform) prior probability densities for the ages of undated events and Bayes' theorem to introduce the time-order relationship condition. We show that the conditional probability densities of the ages of events of unknown age are given by various forms of Euler's beta distribution. These distributions yield an estimate of the probability for an undated event to occur in a given age interval.
  We use this method to propose appropriate probabilistic representations of our actual knowledge of the dating of the magnetic polarity reversals during the Cenozoic. These representations take into account the uncertainties arising from irregularities in accretion process and from the quality of a few calibration points. Both types of uncertainties generate large ambiguities in the age of magnetic reversals, which should be taken into consideration when the geomagnetic polarity timescale is used for dating purposes. We propose to use the entropy function to quantify these ambiguities.     

青藏高原中部岩石圈结构及地球动力学的天然地震学研究

青藏高原中部岩石圈结构及地球动力学的天然地震学研究研究生吕庆田导师管志宁（应用地球物理系北京１０００８３）青藏高原的隆升和地壳缩短被普遍认为是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的结果,然而对隆升和地壳缩短的机制和动力学过程仍不清楚。已提出的动力学模式可分为３类：...     

内蒙古苏左旗南部早古生代蛇绿混杂岩特征及其构造意义

内蒙古苏左旗南部温都尔庙群由早元古代宝音图群(1910Ma),中、新元古代温都尔庙群(1511Ma,825Ma)和早古生代乌勒图-乌兰呼都格-查干乌拉蛇绿混杂岩(409Ma)组成。出露于乌勒图-乌兰呼都格-查干乌拉地区的乌勒图蛇绿混杂岩是由层位不全的,肢解了的蛇绿岩经构造混杂而成。其基质主要为绢云绿泥石英片岩、变质凝灰质砂岩,局部为绿泥片岩。岩块成分复杂,大小不一,形态各异,杂乱分布,主要岩石类型为白云岩、硅质岩、超基性岩、基性火山岩、灰岩。蛇绿混杂岩岩石化学分析表明,超基性岩MgO/FeO^*比值在8-13,MgO/(MgO+ FeO^*)比值在0.85-0.87 之间,与世界大多数变质橄榄岩相同。基性火山岩具大洋拉斑玄武岩特征,常量元素和稀土元素显示陆间洋盆性质。蛇绿混杂岩被晚泥盆世色日巴彦敖包组地层不整合覆盖,前者所含超基性岩块Sm-Nd 同位素等时线年龄为409Ma,表明其形成于中、晚志留世,于晚泥盆世前发生构造侵位。     

Biogeochemical contrasts between mid-Cretaceous carbonate platforms and Cenozoic reefs

Carbonate sediments of mid-Cretaceous platforms on Allison and Resolution Guyots, Mid-Pacific Mountains (ODP Leg 143, Sites 865, 866, 867 and 868) and those of upper Oligocene to Pliocene reefs of the Kita-daito-jima Borehole were studied. The mid-Cretaceous platforms abound with abiotic (?) precipitates (ooids) and microbial carbonate grains/sediments (oncoids and ‘algal’ laminites), whereas the Cenozoic reefs consist mainly of coral and non-geniculate coralline algae, major frame-builders, benthic foraminifers and codiacean alga (Halimeda). There exists a remarkable difference in a mode of calcification between the mid-Cretaceous platforms and Cenozoic reefs. The major reef-builders of Cenozoic reefs precipitated carbonates within closed to semiclosed spaces within their bodies. In contrast, the mid-Cretaceous platforms contain abundant grains/sediments formed by chemical (?) precipitations and biotic extracellular calcification. This contrasting feature reflects different modes of biogeochemical cycles between the mid-Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Increased CO₂ (degassed by active volcanism) and resultant high temperature and intensive weathering may have brought high concentration of Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^? into the mid-Cretaceous sea, which enhanced abiotic and extracellular calcification. Inverse processes are true for the Cenozoic.