Geochronology and mineralogy of the Weishan carbonatite in Shandong province,eastern China

The Weishan REE deposit is located at the eastern part of North China Craton (NCC), western Shandong Province. The REE-bearing carbonatite occur as veins associated with aegirine syenite. LA-ICP-MS bastnaesite Th-Pb ages (129 Ma) of the Weishan carbonatite show that the carbonatite formed contemporary with the aegirine syenite. Based on the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of calcite, the REE-bearing carbonatite mainly consists of Generation-1 igneous calcite (G-1 calcite) with a small amount of Generation-2 hydrothermal calcite (G-2 calcite). Furthermore, the Weishan apatite is characterized by high Sr, LREE and low Y contents, and the carbonatite is rich in Sr, Ba and LREE contents. The δ¹³C_V-PDB (−6.5‰ to −7.9‰) and δ¹³O_V-SMOW (8.48‰–9.67‰) values are similar to those of primary, mantle-derived carbonatites. The above research supports that the carbonatite of the Weishan REE deposit is igneous carbonatite. Besides, the high Sr/Y, Th/U, Sr and Ba of the apatite indicate that the magma source of the Weishan REE deposit was enriched lithospheric mantle, which have suffered the fluid metasomatism. Taken together with the Mesozoic tectono-magmatic activities, the NW and NWW subduction of Izanagi plate along with lithosphere delamination and thinning of the North China plate support the formation of the Weishan REE deposit. Accordingly, the mineralization model of the Weishan REE deposit was concluded: The spatial-temporal relationships coupled with rare and trace element characteristics for both carbonatite and syenite suggest that the carbonatite melt was separated from the CO₂-rich silicate melt by liquid immiscibility. The G-1 calcites were crystallized from the carbonatite melt, which made the residual melt rich in rare earth elements. Due to the common origin of G-1 and G-2 calcites, the REE-rich magmatic hydrothermal was subsequently separated from the melt. After that, large numbers of rare earth minerals were produced from the magmatic hydrothermal stage.     

Structural analysis and 3D modelling of major mineralizing structures at the Phalaborwa copper deposit

The c. 2060 Ma Phalaborwa Igneous Complex forms an elongate intrusion into Archean granitic gneiss. The carbonatite within the central pyroxenite core of the complex (Loolekop) is well-mineralized in copper. Open pit mining operations started in 1965, followed by underground block caving in 2003. Although little attention has been paid to large-scale structures associated with intrusive phases and mineralization, ongoing infrastructure development and block caving, as part of the new Lift II Project, require far greater resolution of structural discontinuities. 3D modelling of these structures, from over 50 years of data, reveals that Loolekop occurs at the confluence of several major shears or fault zones. Of these, five major structures were pivotal in the emplacement of banded carbonatite, transgressive carbonatite and very late-stage, narrow, E-W trending, sulphide veinlets with short down-dip and along-strike extensions, which form the bulk of mineralization. Modelled structures typically have two or more segments, which are rotated with respect to one another, in turn suggesting repeated rotation or torsion of the entire intrusive volume, aided by cross-cutting structures. The oldest structure is the N-S trending Mica Fault Zone, which shows the same trend as the entire carbonatite complex and the nearby eastern edge of the Kaapvaal Craton and the Lebombo Lineament. The youngest structure is the Central Fault, which shows an E-W inflection that is co-incident with the carbonatite and the E-W, vein-hosted Cu mineralization trend. Based on cross-cutting relationships, sinistral movement along the Central Fault Zone and its localized E-W dilational jog is invoked as a mechanism for transgressive carbonatite emplacement and the introduction of late-stage Cu-rich fluids into numerous tensional veinlets. This shearing would have been caused by an E-W trending maximum principal stress orientation. In turn, this corresponds with the orientation of near-field, eastward-directed stress along the eastern lobe of the Bushveld Complex during its emplacement and subsequent deformation.     

安哥拉Bonga铌矿床成矿碳酸岩岩石地球化学和C-O同位素研究

安哥拉Bonga碳酸岩型铌矿床位于Parana'-Angola-Etendeka碱性岩-碳酸岩火成岩省东部,是一个孤立产出的中心式岩栓,侵入于元古宙花岗岩基底中。岩石地球化学研究表明,Bonga岩体由钙碳酸岩和少量的镁碳酸岩组成,岩体成分从钙碳酸岩向镁碳酸岩演化。矿物组合上,钙碳酸岩以方解石为主,副矿物有磷灰石、磁铁矿、烧绿石和少量稀土矿物;镁碳酸岩以白云石为主,烧绿石含量降低,稀土矿物含量增高。富钙碳酸岩(摩尔比值Ca O/Ca O+Mg O+Fe O+Mn O0.83)中Nb含量较高,变化于148.1×10~(-6)~8394×10~(-6),平均为2127×10~(-6),∑REE变化于1441×10~(-6)~9452×10~(-6),平均为2791×10~(-6),LREE/HREE变化于16.7~58.3,平均为25.0;富镁碳酸岩(摩尔比值Ca O/Ca O+Mg O+Fe O+Mn O0.83)Nb含量降低,变化于300.9×10~(-6)~3910×10~(-6),平均为1502×10~(-6),∑REE升高,变化于1659×10~(-6)~18849×10~(-6),平均为7111×10~(-6),轻稀土更加富集,LREE/HREE增大,变化于19.1~114,平均为57.6。铌在碳酸岩浆演化的早期富集,铌矿化主要与富钙碳酸岩有关;稀土元素的富集相对较晚,主要与富镁碳酸岩有关。对碳酸岩碳氧同位素的瑞利分馏模拟计算(RIFMS模型)结果表明,Bonga碳酸岩的铌矿化(烧绿石沉淀)主要受岩浆作用控制,其温度不低于600℃。     

白云鄂博的碳锶铈矿

在对白云鄂博碳酸岩中稀土矿物的研究中,发现了锶-稀土含水复碳酸盐矿物。根据电子探针分析结果,其化学成分相当于碳锶铈矿(Ancylite-Ce)、钙碳锶铈矿(Calcioancylite),前者Sr>Ca,后者Ca>Sr。计算得到的化学式分别为:(Sr0.62,Ca0.18)0.8(Ce0.5,Nd0.36,La0.17,Pr0.02,Sm0.02)1.2(CO3)2(OH1.04,F0.14)1.2H2O、(Ca0.73,Sr0.28,Ba0.17)1.2(Ce0.46,Nd0.15,La0.15,Pr0.04,Sm0.01)0.8(CO3)2(OH0.75,F0.06)0.8H2O,简化为:(Sr,Ca)2-xCex(CO3)2.(OH,F)2-x.H2O,接近理论化学式(Sr,Ca)Ce(CO3)2(OH)H2O,但附加阴离子除OH—外,还含有少量F-。两者均为几微米至十几微米的微小晶体,呈浸染状产出,且仅见于晚期方解石或方解石—白云石交生体中。     

白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙地质特征

首次填出白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙的分布图,深入系统地研究了岩墙的地质产状、主矿物类型、岩石结构、人工重砂矿物组成、稀土元素含量等特征。反映了白云鄂博矿区周围火成碳酸岩岩墙的岩浆演化分异过程存在差异。对于研究白云鄂博矿区铁与稀土的矿化提供了物质来源的证据。     

南秦岭杨家坝多金属矿区中的碳酸岩岩相学及成矿地球化学

秦岭造山带是我国重要的成矿区带之一。研究发现,南秦岭杨家坝多金属矿区中元古界碧口群火山沉积岩系中原以为所夹的“白云岩”在产状上具侵入接触关系,并且从岩相学、元素和同位素地球化学分析论证,确认其为源自地幔的碳酸岩;岩石总体表现为明显富集轻稀土、大离子亲石元素,尤以Sr、Ba相对富集,而过渡元素,尤以Ti、Cr、Ni相对亏损,高场强元素则表现为矿化蚀变较之弱蚀变和无蚀变相对富集,这与岩相学研究伴随硅化和硫化物蚀变而发育多金属矿化,以及同位素系列研究表现强烈相似于EMⅡ型富集地幔背景,并具碳酸岩与碳酸盐岩的过渡特征形成呼应,暗示矿区碳酸岩及相关矿化的形成,可能与秦岭造山带从中元古代到中新生代发生同生成矿,或构造体制转换并伴随后造山期强烈陆内造山作用导致的壳幔叠加改造密切相关,是重大深部地质事件的标志。碳酸岩的发现和确认,为论证本区深部地质地球化学动力学事件和过程,以及壳幔混染对成矿的贡献提供了新的岩石学证据。     

克拉玛依侏罗纪橄榄玄武岩中菱铁矿的成因

克拉玛依市西盆山交界处发育侏罗纪杏仁玄武岩-橄榄玄武岩-含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩组合,主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石(中长石-拉长石为主)、钛铁矿、玄武玻璃及少量磷灰石组成,含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩中存在原生菱铁矿(≈10%)和少量碱性长石.橄榄石及单斜辉石的Mg#为≈70,单斜辉石属于富Ti普通辉石.含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩中的菱铁矿常常包裹浑圆状斜长石,且与斜长石呈锯齿状接触.本文提供的岩相学观察表明,菱铁矿与玄武玻璃、斜长石、单斜辉石和钛铁矿呈明显的共生关系.在有些情况下观察到玄武玻璃与菱铁矿充填在斜长石格架的现象.含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩玻璃中FeO含量最高至29.2%,CaO含量＜1.5%,即熔体具有富Fe贫Ca的特点.早结晶的碳酸盐矿物是以菱铁矿为主的菱铁矿-白云石固溶体(另含少量菱锰矿).斜长石大量结晶促使熔体不断亏损CaO,并导致较晚结晶的碳酸盐矿物向菱铁矿端元演化.菱铁矿发育有明显的成分梯变带(FeO和CaO含量表现出突变).玄武玻璃的Mg#普遍较低且变化范围大,橄榄玄武岩中玻璃的Mg#值最高为64,含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩中玻璃的Mg#值最低至≈23.依据地质温压计,克拉玛依侏罗纪玄武岩浆的形成温度为1300℃～1340℃,压力为3.0～4.0GPa.基于本文的研究,我们认为克拉玛依侏罗纪含菱铁矿橄榄玄武岩岩浆由含CO2橄榄岩在软流圈中经极低程度部分熔融形成,该岩浆在快速上升过程中通过结晶分异作用形成了菱铁矿.     

大同地区早中生代煌斑岩—碳酸岩岩墙群

大同地区密集分布的岩墙群由基性－超基性煌斑岩和碳酸岩组成,侵入石炭－二叠纪煤层中。与地层的接触关系和Rb-Sr,K-Ar同位素年代学数据表明墙群的侵位于晚三叠世。Sr,Nd同位素比值显示,碳酸岩和煌斑岩都来源于壳幔混合型岩浆源区。稳定元素比值和相容,不相容元素同等富集则表明是碳酸岩和硅酸盐混合的原始母岩浆液态不混熔的产物。 岩墙群形成的地质条件和构造背景表明,它们是在伸展构造背景下,受到不同级别的构造控制,大同岩墙群的研究对进一步认识华北早中生代岩石圈演化有重要的意义。     

甘肃礼县新生代火山喷发碳酸岩的发现及意义

甘肃礼县新生代钾霞橄黄长岩中有大量火山喷发碳酸岩出露,本文对该区各种碳酸岩的地质产状,岩石特征,全岩化学及稀土,微量和C、O同位素地球化学进行了研究,结果表明本区碳酸岩属于一种高CaO低碱（Na2O K2O)的火成碳酸岩,其化学成分与东非裂谷乌干达FortPortal地区的碳酸岩相似,其中碳酸岩的火山砾岩和凝灰岩具有高的SiO2和Mg/Ca比值,化学成分显示了硅酸盐和碳酸盐混合的特征,可能代表直接由地幔部分熔融形成的原生碳酸盐岩浆。其它类型碳酸岩的成因与原生碳酸盐岩浆或原生钾霞橄黄长岩浆的液态不混溶作用和／或结晶分异作用有关。碳酸岩及共生的高钾火山岩不是典型的大陆裂谷岩浆作用的产物,其起源和成因与软流圈的上涌有关。碳酸岩的发现为查明本区地幔的组成和性质提供了新的岩石学证据。     

碳酸岩岩浆演化的指示性矿物—环带金云母——以山东西部雪野碳酸岩为例

山东西部莱芜－淄博地区的中生代雪野碳酸岩中发育有大量罕见的反环带云母,云母的电子探针分析表明,云母斑晶的核心为黑云母,过渡带和边缘是金云母,基质中云母为金云母,核心黑云母与过渡带的金云母界限清晰,成分突变以及核心黑云母的溶蚀结构表明,核心黑云母和过渡带与边缘带金云母不是同一岩浆体系结晶的产物,核心黑云母可能是碳酸岩岩浆捕获的外来黑云母,过渡带与边缘带金云母同基质中金云母具有相似的化学成分,从过渡带到边缘带,金云母的Mg(Mg Fe)逐渐降低,反映了碳酸岩岩浆的不断结晶演化过程,TiO2的不断降低,一方面是由于岩浆的分异结晶,另一方面则是岩浆上升期间去气作用导致岩浆内CO2／H2O值降低所致。云母斑晶从过渡带向边缘带Al2O3含量逐渐减少,表明碳酸岩浆自过渡带云母结晶后没有富Al的圈岩物质加入。