川东北宣汉-达县地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩储层特征及其控制因素

川东北宣汉-达县地区是我国重要的气藏发育区块。为了深入探索储层特征、物性与岩石类型,成岩作用的相关性,运用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜等技术手段,结合物性测试数据,测井资料和压汞数据,对储层的岩石类型,孔隙类型,孔隙结构、物性特征以及储层展布进行分析。研究表明,川东北宣汉-达县地区优质储层为生物礁白云岩及鲕粒白云岩,经历过重结晶及多期溶蚀,粒间溶孔最为发育。长兴组储层孔隙度平均值为5．4％。渗透率平均值为93．41×10^-3μm^2;飞仙关组储层平均孔隙度为8％,平均渗透率为132,76×10^-3μm^2,孔喉结构良好。沉积相控制储层的岩石类型和展布,成岩作用尤其是溶蚀作用控制着储层的物性,而构造作用对储层的形成则有双重影响。     

碳酸盐岩烃源岩判识与实践——以四川盆地为例

碳酸盐岩可以成为烃源岩,并为油气藏提供丰富的烃源,但不是所有碳酸盐岩都可以视为烃源岩。碳酸盐岩在成藏进程中,往往作为输导层或储集层,并常有外源有机质的干扰。碳酸盐岩烃源岩应该是有机质原生赋存(与矿物结合成为沉积的一部分),具有一定丰度值,在适宜的热成熟阶段,同样可以形成液态烃和气态烃。碳酸盐岩烃源岩发育于低能环境的沉积相——开阔海台地相、局限海台地相、生物泥丘相、斜坡相,等等。泥质泥晶灰岩,生物泥—粒泥岩—泥粒岩微相,应该是碳酸盐岩烃源岩的主要岩类。碳酸盐岩烃源岩与油系泥质烃源岩比较,具有油窗凸显且高峰期前移、气态烃峰期不明显且有后延、液态烃产率高的特点。据对碳酸盐岩烃源潜量的评估,它在四川盆地烃源中占20%～25%,为油气成藏作出了重要贡献。     

Deep-water carbonate concentrations in the southwest Pacific

We have compiled carbonate chemistry and sedimentary CaCO₃% data for the deep-waters (>1500 m water depth) of the southwest (SW) Pacific region. The complex topography in the SW Pacific influences the deep-water circulation and affects the carbonate ion concentration ([CO₃2−]), and the associated calcite saturation horizon (CSH, where ??_calcite=1). The Tasman Basin and the southeast (SE) New Zealand region have the deepest CSH at ∼3100 m, primarily influenced by middle and lower Circumpolar Deep Waters (m or lCPDW), while to the northeast of New Zealand the CSH is ∼2800 m, due to the corrosive influence of the old North Pacific deep waters (NPDW) on the upper CPDW (uCPDW). The carbonate compensation depth (CCD; defined by a sedimentary CaCO₃ content of <20%), also varies between the basins in the SW Pacific. The CCD is ∼4600 m to the SE New Zealand, but only ∼4000 m to the NE New Zealand. The CaCO₃ content of the sediment, however, can be influenced by a number of different factors other than dissolution; therefore, we suggest using the water chemistry to estimate the CCD. The depth difference between the CSH and CCD (??Z_CSH−CCD), however, varies considerably in this region and globally. The global ??Z_CSH−CCD appears to expand with increase in age of the deep-water, resulting from a shoaling of the CSH. In contrast the depth of the chemical lysocline (??_calcite=0.8) is less variable globally and is relatively similar, or close, to the CCD determined from the sedimentary CaCO₃%. Geochemical definitions of the CCD, however, cannot be used to determine changes in the paleo-CCD. For the given range of factors that influence the sedimentary CaCO₃%, an independent dissolution proxy, such as the foraminifera fragmentation % (>40%=foraminiferal lysocline) is required to define a depth where significant CaCO₃ dissolution has occurred back through time. The current foraminiferal lysocline for the SW Pacific region ranges from 3100-3500 m, which is predictably just slightly deeper than the CSH. This compilation of sediment and water chemistry data provides a CaCO₃ dataset for the present SW Pacific for comparison with glacial/interglacial CaCO₃ variations in deep-water sediment cores, and to monitor future changes in [CO₃2−] and dissolution of sedimentary CaCO₃ resulting from increasing anthropogenic CO₂.     

川西北中二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层特征及控制因素

本文以四川盆地西北部钻井岩心及露头剖面样品的镜下岩石学特征为基础,以微区多参数实验分析数据为依据,对四川盆地西北部中二叠统栖霞组白云岩储层进行了研究。认为栖霞组白云岩储层类型主要为结晶型白云岩及残余颗粒型白云岩。储集空间主要为晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔洞以及裂缝。白云岩储层的发育主要受到沉积微相、早期白云石化作用、晚期白云石化作用、溶蚀作用以及构造作用等因素控制。其中浅滩沉积微相是储层形成的环境基础;早期白云石化作用是储层保存的重要条件;溶蚀作用及构造裂缝是储层改善的关键因素;而晚期白云石的生成则对储集空间有一定的破坏作用。     

碳酸盐岩油气藏缝洞单元多学科综合划分方法研究——以塔里木盆地轮古11井区为例

对于已进入开发中后期的碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏,进行缝洞单元精细研究非常重要。盲目部署加密井,很容易导致因为所在单元的储量已被动用而失利。本文采用的碳酸盐岩缝洞单元多学科综合划分方法是:在有井控制的地区,首先分析井间连通性,然后结合生产动态、常规解析试井、流体性质、数值试井等多学科资料确定缝洞单元边界;在无井控制的地区,影响连通性最重要的主控因素是储层本身的相互连通性,其次才是断裂和裂缝,这时可在连通性约束下进行储层和裂缝预测,并以此为主要依据确定缝洞单元边界。对塔里木盆地轮古油气田轮古11井区划分出80个缝洞单元,其中有55个为储量未动用单元(潜力单元),并部署了一些加密井,已钻的XW1井获得了成功,投产初期日产油95t,不含水。     

Tectonic and seismic conditions for changes in spring discharge along the Garni right lateral strike slip fault (Armenian Upland)

Abstract

This study presents the relationship between local seismicity and springs discharge, in which the microseismicity modifies the state of stress of the aquifer matrix and these modifications of the local stress control the aquifer behaviour from an example of a basaltic reservoir crossed by a seismic fault.

Along the right-lateral Garni seismic wrench fault, the distribution in space and time of more than 500 micro-earthquakes has been studied providing a pattern of stress distribution. Together with this tectonic survey, the hydrographs of springs issuing from an aquifer located in basaltic lava flows and crossed by the fault have been gauged for 4 years. According to its tectonic, geologic and hydrodynamic properties, the reservoir has been divided in to several parts. The hydrological behaviour of the reservoir and of each of its parts has been modelled, based on the rainfall and hydrodynamic properties of the basaltic reservoir and of nearby reservoirs.

The model allows us to define the ‘normal behaviour’ of the springs, when their discharge is not affected by an earthquake. Anomalies to the normal hydrometric curves are defined, and correlated to small (M < 3.5) earthquakes along the Garni fault. We propose that the circulation of underground water in the area around the fault depends largely on the fracture pattern of the basalts and the aquifer basement, as pointed out from field observations. Changes in spring discharges are explained by variations in the state of stress around the Garni fault, induced by the alternation of elastic strain and stick-slip movement on the fault, and by creep far from the fault. A model of stress distribution is proposed which explains changes in fracture charateristics before and after earthquakes. © Elsevier, Paris     

The influence of Late Cretaceous synsedimentary deformation on the Cenozoic structuration of the middle Adriatic,Croatia

The primordially structural-lithofacial relationships in the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) of Croatia were formed by a Late Cretaceous synsedimentary tectonics. During Cenomanian, an extensional tectonic regime differentiated AdCP into several kilometres large paleoenvironmental segments which behaved as individual depocenteres. The latest Cenomanian and earliest Turonian were tectonically relatively quiet periods during which sediments only recorded a relative sea-level rise. Compression commenced during the middle Santonian and formed first (NW-SE) gentle folds in the frontal part of the Split-Dubrovnik thrust. These folds had amplitudes of tens to hundreds of metres and are up to ten kilometres in strike. The apical parts of the anticlines were dominated by shallow-marine deposition with short emergences simultaneously, slope deposition of pelagic sediments took place in the synclines. By the end of the Campanian, compression weakened and younger sediments infilled former depressions while the deposition ended in the Adriatic hinterland of Croatia. During the Maastrichtian the compression recommenced and the index of older folds increased while new folds and reverse faults were formed. Such deformations created a differentiated morphology at the surface subsequently overlaid by Palaeogene sediments. Clastic sediments accumulated indeed in this paleodepression during the Palaeogene and Miocene–Quaternary, forming favourable structural conditions for hydrocarbon generation.     

碳酸盐岩岩溶储层类型研究及对勘探的指导意义——以塔里木盆地岩溶储层为例

岩溶储层是中国海相含油气盆地重要的储层类型之一。本文基于塔里木盆地岩溶储层的实例研究,指出岩溶储层的储集空间以缝洞为主,缝洞可以发育于潜山区,也可以发育于内幕区,具不同的地质背景和成因。据此,将岩溶储层细分为四个亚类,其中,潜山(风化壳)岩溶储层又可根据围岩岩性的不同细分为灰岩潜山岩溶储层和白云岩风化壳储层两个次亚类。潜山(风化壳)岩溶储层发育于潜山区,与中长期的角度不整合面有关,准层状分布,峰丘地貌特征明显;层间岩溶储层和顺层岩溶储层发育于内幕区,前者与碳酸盐岩层系内部中短期的平行(微角度)不整合面有关,准层状分布,后者与潜山周缘的斜坡背景有关,环潜山周缘呈环带状分布,与不整合面无关;受断裂控制岩溶储层主要发育于内幕区,分布于断裂发育区,尤其是背斜的核部,与不整合面无关,受断裂控制导致缝洞发育跨度大,沿断裂呈栅状分布。岩溶储层的细分方案突破了岩溶储层只分布于潜山区的传统认识,使岩溶储层勘探由潜山区向内幕区拓展,对中国海相含油气盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探具重要的指导作用。     

一个储量可再生的石油地质模型

最新石油地质基础研究表明,目前正在开采的油气藏可能存在大规模的油气补充,以往勘探地质模型、开发地质模型、三次采油地质模型都没有考虑到储量可增长的因素,可能需要修正。建议国家有关部门设立专项研究,以期为油气勘探开发部署和后期调整提供可靠的地质依据。     

Geochronological Records of Oil-Gas Accumulations in the Permian Reservoirs of the Northeastern Ordos Basin

Geochronology of oil-gas accumulation （OGA） is a challenging subject of petroleum geology in multi-cycle superimposed basins.By K-Ar dating of authigenic illite （AI） and fluid inclusion （FI） analysis combined with apatite fission track （AFT） thermal modeling,a case study of constraining the OGA times of the Permian reservoirs in northeast Ordos basin （NOB） has been conducted in this paper.AI dating of the Permian oil-gas-bearing sandstone core-samples shows a wide time domain of 178-108 Ma.The distribution of the AI ages presents 2-stage primary OGA processes in the Permian reservoirs,which developed in the time domains of 175-155 Ma and 145-115 Ma with 2-peak ages of 165 Ma and 130 Ma,respectively.The FI temperature peaks of the samples and their projected ages on the AFT thermal path not only present two groups with a low and a high peak temperatures in ranges of 90-78℃ and 125-118℃,respectively corresponding to 2-stage primary OGA processes of 162-153 Ma and 140-128 Ma in the Permian reservoirs,but also appear a medium temperature group with the peak of 98℃ in agreement with a secondary OGA process of c.～30 Ma in the Upper Permian reservoirs.The integrated analysis of the AI and FI ages and the tectono-thermal evolution reveals that the Permian reservoirs in the NOB experienced at least 2-stage primary OGA processes of 165-153 Ma and 140-128 Ma in agreement with the subsidence thermal process of the Mid-Early Jurassic and the tectono-thermal event of the Early Cretaceous.Then,the Upper Permian reservoirs further experienced at least 1-stage secondary OGA process of c.～30 Ma in coincidence with a critical tectonic conversion between the slow and the rapid uplift processes from the Late Cretaceous to Neogene.