Surface-Layer Characteristics in the Stable Boundary Layer with Strong and Weak Winds

An extensive meteorological dataset obtained from the plumevalidation experiment conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) atKincaid during 1980–1981 is analysed for studying the characteristic differences in thesurface-layer parameters in strong and weak wind stable conditions. The surface-layerparameters are computed using the similarity functions _m and _h proposed byBeljaars and Holtslag. The weak winds are characterized using the geostrophic wind speedas well as the wind speed at the 10-m level. The surface fluxes are found to be finitein weak wind conditions.Empirical formulations for the eddy diffusivities of momentum(K_M) and heat (K_H), and drag (C_D) and heat exchange (C_H) coefficients, as powerlaw functions of the bulk Richardson number (Ri_B), are proposed under both strong andweak wind conditions. Results are close to those based on observations taken from the IndianInstitute of Technology low wind diffusion experiment, the Land surface processes experiment,the Hanford diffusion experiment, the Cabauw field experiment and the Cooperative Atmospheric SurfaceExchange Study 1999 (CASES-99) experiment. In addition, the fluxes obtained fromthe proposed empirical relations are in good agreement with those based on similarity theory as wellas the turbulence measurements taken from the CASES-99 experiment.     

地质历史时期碳循环的研究

可以近似地把地质历史时期的碳循环看做为在沉积碳酸盐和沉积有机碳化学库之间的平衡。碳循环研究直接关系重建地球古大气、古海洋、古气候和古环境演变的历史，关系正确认识沉积矿产的成因。现在，人们已经对显生宙时期、对晚元古代碳循环进行了较多的研究，并取得了进展，但是对整个元古代和太古代碳循环的研究工作十分薄弱。预料元古代和太古代碳循环研究将成为未来地球科学重要的前沿研究领域。我国存在适于元古代碳循环研究的地质条件，建议开展相应的研究工作.     

广东长坑金银矿床石英和方解石的地球化学特征

石英和方解石是长坑金银矿床的主要脉石矿物，石英的自然热发光曲线为单峰型，方解石包括单峰型、双峰型和多峰型；石英、方解石的热发光强度和峰型与深度和矿化类型有关，可作为找矿标志。二者的稀土总量均很低，其中方解石的ＲＥＥ显著低于与岩浆热液有关方解石，而具有围岩侧分泌或加热大气水成因特点。碳、氧同位素特征也支持二者来源于沉积地层的观点。     

同位素古温度与海平面变化的关系初探

用稳定同位素地球化学古温度的测定方法对北京周口店石笋进行氧、碳同位素测定，获得的古温度与年龄值与同期的海平面变化进行比较，表明古温度的变化与海平面变化密切相关。     

土壤—植物—大气系统水分运行的界面过程研究

本文从水文循环的微观角度出发，针对大田土壤－大气系统中的水分运行与转化，研究了ＳＰＡＣ各界面上水分与能量的交换过程，旨在通过各界面上水分运行与生态环境因子相互作用关系，探索各界面水分、能量通量的计算与人工调控的可能途径，为农业节水提供理论依据。     

Palaeoproterozoic magnesite: lithological and isotopic evidence for playa/sabkha environments

Magnesite forms a series of 1‐ to 15‐m‐thick beds within the ≈2·0 Ga (Palaeoproterozoic) Tulomozerskaya Formation, NW Fennoscandian Shield, Russia. Drillcore material together with natural exposures reveal that the 680‐m‐thick formation is composed of a stromatolite–dolomite–‘red bed’ sequence formed in a complex combination of shallow‐marine and non‐marine, evaporitic environments. Dolomite‐collapse breccia, stromatolitic and micritic dolostones and sparry allochemical dolostones are the principal rocks hosting the magnesite beds. All dolomite lithologies are marked by δ¹³C values from +7·1‰ to +11·6‰ (V‐PDB) and δ¹⁸O ranging from 17·4‰ to 26·3‰ (V‐SMOW). Magnesite occurs in different forms: finely laminated micritic; stromatolitic magnesite; and structureless micritic, crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite. All varieties exhibit anomalously high δ¹³C values ranging from +9·0‰ to +11·6‰ and δ¹⁸O values of 20·0–25·7‰. Laminated and structureless micritic magnesite forms as a secondary phase replacing dolomite during early diagenesis, and replaced dolomite before the major phase of burial. Crystalline and coarsely crystalline magnesite replacing micritic magnesite formed late in the diagenetic/metamorphic history. Magnesite apparently precipitated from sea water‐derived brine, diluted by meteoric fluids. Magnesitization was accomplished under evaporitic conditions (sabkha to playa lake environment) proposed to be similar to the Coorong or Lake Walyungup coastal playa magnesite. Magnesite and host dolostones formed in evaporative and partly restricted environments; consequently, extremely high δ¹³C values reflect a combined contribution from both global and local carbon reservoirs. A ¹³C‐rich global carbon reservoir (δ¹³C at around +5‰) is related to the perturbation of the carbon cycle at 2·0 Ga, whereas the local enhancement in ¹³C (up to +12‰) is associated with evaporative and restricted environments with high bioproductivity.     

人类活动地全球碳循环的影响

工业革命前，碳循环是碳在大气、海洋和陆地生态系统间的流动。工业革命以来，化石燃料的使用使贮存于地质碳库中的碳参与短期碳循环，因森林和草原开垦等土地利用增加的CO2排放量加重了大气的负担；另一方面造林和再造林形成CO2汇。大气CO2增加导致的气候变化反馈过程影响碳循环。文中提出从控制人类活动入手平衡全球碳循环的收支。     

若尔盖RM孔有机碳、总氮和碳氮比值的垂直分布

分析了ＲＭ孔岩心样５９５个．孔内总有机碳含量ＴＯＣ变动范围较大，低者１—２％，高者１０—２０％；总氮含量ＴＮ多０．１—０．２％，少数０．４—０．８％；碳氮比值Ｃ／Ｎ较低（≤８）段属浅湖沉积，Ｃ／Ｎ较高（＞８）段属湖滨沼泽沉积；ＴＯＣ，ＴＮ和Ｃ／Ｎ明显有四个波动段．     

论中尺度运动对大尺度模式网格平均的次网格垂直通量的影响

较系统地阐述了中尺度运动对大尺度模式网格平均的次网格通量的影响方式和作用机制 ,提出了在大尺度模式中参数化次网格中尺度通量和地表次网格通量中尺度加强的思想方法 ,初步分析了这些参数化方法的缺陷和局限性 ,对几个在参数化中尺度通量和地表次网格通量中尺度加强时应重点考虑的关键因子提出了建议。最后 ,讨论了参数化非均匀大气的网格平均的次网格通量的一些新的想法及相关问题     

The Spatial Variability of Energy and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes at the Floor of a Deciduous Forest

Fluxes of carbon dioxide, water and sensible heat were measured using three different eddy covariance systems above the forest floor of a closed deciduous forest (leaf area index approx 6). The primary objective was to examine the representativeness of a single eddy covariance system in estimating soil respiration for time scales ranging from one-half hour to more than one week. Experiments were conducted in which the eddy covariance sensors were in one of three configurations: i) collocated, ii) separated horizontally or iii) separated vertically. A measure of the variation between the three systems (CV',related to the coefficient of variation) for half-hour carbon dioxide fluxes was 0.14 (collocated systems), 0.34 (vertically separated systems at 1, 2 and 4 m above the surface), and 0.57 (systems horizontally separated by 30 m). A similar variation was found for other scalar fluxes (sensible and latent heat). Variability between systems decreased as the number of half-hour sampling periods used to obtain mean fluxes was increased. After forty-eight hours (means from ninety-six half-hour samples), CV' values for carbon dioxide fluxes were 0.07, 0.09 and 0.16 in the collocated, vertically separated and horizontally separated experiments, respectively. The time dependence of variability has implications on the appropriateness of using short-term measurements in modelling validation studies. There are also implications concerning the appropriate number of half-hour samples necessary to obtain reliable causal relationships between flux data and environmental parameters. Based on the longer-term measurements, we also discuss the representativeness of a single eddy covariance system in long-term monitoring of soil respiration and evaporation beneath forest canopies using the eddy covariance method.