Structural pattern of the western Las Cañadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands) revealed by audiomagnetotellurics

The local and regional structural pattern of volcanic edifices strongly controls the space distribution of electrical resistivity. Here we report on the structural context of the western part of the Las Cañadas caldera of Tenerife (LCC) thought to have initiated the formation of the caldera. Using a new dataset of 11 audiomagnetotelluric tensors we emphasize the resistivity distribution of Ucanca caldera and propose a major revision of its extension. We find that Ucanca caldera has a limited westwards extent and that El Cedro sector is a depression margin of the caldera. According to the extent of hydrothermalized rocks at the base of the LCC wall and the distribution of Pico Teide – Pico Viejo vents, we constrain the location and size of Ucanca caldera. The interpretation of these results also constrains the extension of the Icod Valley and proposes a headwall located below the Pico Teide – Pico Viejo Complex.     

Volcanic geology of Admiralty Bay,King George Island,Antarctica

At Admiralty Bay of central King George Island, Keller Peninsula, Ull-man Spur and Point Hennequin are main Tertiary volcanic terranes. Field investigation and isotopic datings indicate that, there occurred three periods of eruptions ( three volcanic cycles) and accompanying N-toward migration of the volcanic center on Keller Peninsula. After the second period of eruptions, the crater collapsed and a cal-dera was formed, then later eruptions were limited at the northern end of the peninsula and finally migrated to Ullman Spur. Thus Keller Peninsula is a revived caldera, and its volcanism migrated toward E with time. Point Hennequin volcanism happened more or less simultaneously with the above two areas, but has no clear relation in chemical evolution with them, frequently it belongs to another independent volcanic center.     

The Luingo caldera: The south-easternmost collapse caldera in the Altiplano–Puna plateau,NW Argentina

This article identifies the Pucarilla–Cerro Tipillas Volcanic Complex and its major eruptive source, the Luingo caldera (26° 10′S–66° 40′W). Detailed geological mapping, stratigraphic sections, facies analysis and correlations, including the identification of typical caldera components, allow us to infer the position of a collapse caldera, elongated at N65° and with a diameter of 19 km × 13 km, which is responsible for an eruption of 135 km³ (DRE) of magma. The high-crystal contents of the associated ignimbrites, combined with its tectonic setting, indicate that regional and local tectonic structures played a crucial role in the formation of the caldera.     

Morphologic investigation of “uncharted” seamount from central Indian basin revisited with multibeam sonar system

Morphology of a seamount at 12°35'E and 76°18.5’ and two abyssal hills in its vicinity is described using the Hydrosweep multibeam‐swath bathymetric system. The height of the seamount is 1350 m, and it occupies an area of 330 km². Its basal width is 22.5 km, and the mount has a gentle and longer western flank and a steep and shorter eastern flank. There is a characteristic terracelike feature on the western flank, about 300 m from the top. A caldera is also observed on top of the seamount. Slope angles in this area are high (over 35"). Results of morphologic studies of the seamount from the multibeam survey are comparable to those from a narrow‐beam echosounding survey. The origin of the seamount may be related to the presence of a fracture zone at 75°45'E.     

Hazard assessment at volcanic fields: the Campi Flegrei case history

Volcanological analysis of the 10 000 yr –1538 explosive activity at Campi Flegrei shows that the most common explosive eruptions are characterized by the emplacement of flow or surge deposits, originating from the interaction between magma and shallow and/or sea water. The minimum volumes of pyroclastic products range between 0.04 and 0.7 km³; the proximal areas covered by these products range from 3–4 to 40–50 km². The pyroclastic flow and surge deposits occurring inside the caldera have been strongly controlled by pre-existent morphology; because of this, the area of present Napoli city was blanketed by approximately 5 m of pyroclastic deposits, during the last 5000 yr.Previous analysis suggests that the presence of even very low topographic obstacles may influence pyroclastic density current run out such that future eruptive deposits would mainly be confined inside the caldera rim. We suggest that a future eruption at Campi Flegrei would not seriously involve the urbanized area of Napoli city located on the hills. On the contrary, the plains located on the eastern side of the caldera (Fuorigrotta, Bagnoli) would be the most damaged area.     

浙江拔茅破火山岩浆作用：开放体系多机制复合演化

拔茅火山杂岩的成分变化范围广泛，包括玄武质，玄武粗安质，粗面安山质，粗面英安质，流纹英安质到流纹质和高硅流纹质岩石都有，它们不是由单一母岩浆演化而来，也不是由单一岩浆房喷发形成的，而是来自多种类型的岩浆房，并经历过复杂的演化过程，为开放体系多机制复合演化，其中早期双峰式基性端元是由上地幔部分熔融形成的，而酸性端无则是地壳物质边熔融边喷发（分离熔融）的结果，作为火山杂岩主体的粗面英安质岩石，其岩浆是在高位主岩浆房内由玄武质岩浆与流纹英安质岩浆混合形成的，发生混合的流纹英安质与玄武质岩浆的比例为57：43，而粗面安山质岩浆则是溶部岩浆房内由玄武质岩浆分离结晶形成的，晚期侵出－侵入的流纹英安质岩穹和高硅流纹斑岩株则分别代表高位次级岩浆房的成分及其硅质帽。     

Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems

Noncondensible gases from hot springs, fumaroles, and deep wells within the Valles caldera geothermal system (210–300°C) consist of roughly 98.5 mol% CO₂, 0.5 mol% H₂S, and 1 mol% other components. ³He/⁴He ratios indicate a deep magmatic source (R/R_a up to 6) whereas δ¹³C–CO₂ values (−3 to −5‰) do not discriminate between a mantle/magmatic source and a source from subjacent, hydrothermally altered Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Regional gases from sites within a 50-km radius beyond Valles caldera are relatively enriched in CO₂ and He, but depleted in H₂S compared to Valles gases. Regional gases have R/R_a values ≤1.2 due to more interaction with the crust and/or less contribution from the mantle. Carbon sources for regional CO₂ are varied. During 1982–1998, repeat analyses of gases from intracaldera sites at Sulphur Springs showed relatively constant CH₄, H₂, and H₂S contents. The only exception was gas from Footbath Spring (1987–1993), which experienced increases in these three components during drilling and testing of scientific wells VC-2a and VC-2b. Present-day Valles gases contain substantially less N₂ than fluid inclusion gases trapped in deep, early-stage, post-caldera vein minerals. This suggests that the long-lived Valles hydrothermal system (ca. 1 Myr) has depleted subsurface Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of nitrogen. When compared with gases from many other geothermal systems, Valles caldera gases are relatively enriched in He but depleted in CH₄, N₂ and Ar. In this respect, Valles gases resemble end-member hydrothermal and magmatic gases discharged at hot spots (Galapagos, Kilauea, and Yellowstone).     

江西会昌密坑山锡多金属矿床与破火山口机构的形成和演化的关系

江西会昌密坑山中生代火山岩盆地是新近开发的重要锡多金属矿产区。本文首次确定本区为一发育完全的复活破火山口,在总结该区锡多金属矿化特征的基础上,通过资料分析,揭示出成矿作用与火山作用在时间、空间、物质来源等方面的内在联系,建立成矿模式,指明找矿方向,在理论和实践上具有一定意义。     

天姆尖破火山口碎斑熔岩的发现及其意义

赣杭带东段天姆尖地区首次识别出大面积分布的碎斑熔岩体系,它具有典型的喷溢相－侵出相一次火山岩相“三相一体”特征,在岩石化学成份上表现为富硅,碱,铁而贫镁,锰,钙,岩石结晶分异指数为77－93,稀土元素铕亏损明显,放射性成因铀铅含量高,岩石蚀变表现为面式分布,具前锋带特点,这一发现对赣杭带寻找新的富大铀矿远景区有着重要的指标意义。     

Wolf Volcano, Galapagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume

Wolf volcano, an active shield volcano on northern Isabela Islandin the Galápagos Archipelago, has undergone two majorstages of caldera collapse, with a phase of partial calderarefilling between. Wolf is a typical Galápagos shieldvolcano, with circumferential vents on the steep upper carapaceand radial vents distributed in diffuse rift zones on the shallower-slopinglower flanks. The radial fissures continue into the submarineenvironment, where they form more tightly focused rift zones.Wolf's magmas are strikingly monotonous: estimated eruptivetemperatures of the majority of lavas span a total of only 22°C.This homogeneity is attributed to buffering of magmas as theyascend through a thick column of olivine gabbroic mush thathas been deposited from a thin, shallow (<2 km deep) subcalderasill that is in a thermochemical steady state. Wolf's lavashave the most depleted isotopic compositions of any historicallyactive intraplate ocean island volcano on the planet and haveisotopic compositions (except for ³He/⁴He) indistinguishablefrom mid-ocean ridge basalt erupted from the GalápagosSpreading Center (GSC) 250–410 km away from the peak ofinfluence of the Galápagos plume. Wolf's lavas are enrichedin incompatible trace elements and have systematic major elementdifferences relative to GSC lavas, however. Wolf's magmas resultfrom lower extents of melting, deeper melt extraction, and agreater influence of garnet compared with GSC magmas, but Wolfand the GSC share the same sources. These melt generation conditionsare attributed to melting in a thermal and mechanical boundarylayer of depleted asthenosphere at the margins of the Galápagosplume. The lower degrees of melting and extraction from deeperlevels result from a thicker lithospheric cap at Wolf than existsat the GSC. KEY WORDS: caldera; Galápagos; mush; partial melting; plume