Subsidence in the Kathmandu Basin,before and after the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake,Nepal Revealed from Small Baseline Subset-DInSAR Analysis

Land subsidence in densely urbanized areas is a global problem that is primarily caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal. The Kathmandu Basin is one such area where subsidence due to groundwater depletion has been a major problem in recent years. Moreover, on 25 April 2015, this basin experienced large crustal movements caused by the Gorkha earthquake (Mw 7.8). Consequently, the effects of earthquake-induced deformation could affect the temporal and spatial nature of anthropogenic subsidence in the basin. However, this effect has not yet been fully studied. In this paper, we applied the SBAS-DInSAR technique to estimate the spatiotemporal displacement of land subsidence in the Kathmandu Basin before and after the Gorkha earthquake, using 16 ALOS-1 Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images during the pre-seismic period and 26 Sentinel-1 A/B SAR images during the pre- and post-seismic periods. The results showed that the mean subsidence rate in the central part of the basin was about ?8.2 cm/year before the earthquake. The spatial extents of the subsiding areas were well-correlated with the spatial distributions of the compressible clay layers in the basin. We infer from time-series InSAR analysis that subsidence in the Kathmandu basin could be associated with fluvio-lacustrine (clay) deposits and local hydrogeological conditions. However, after the mainshock, the subsidence rate significantly increased to ?15 and ?12 cm/year during early post-seismic (108 days) and post-seismic (2015–2016) period, respectively. Based on a spatial analysis of the subsidence rate map, the entire basin uplifted during the co-seismic period has started to subside and become stable during the early-post-seismic period. This is because of the elastic rebound of co-seismic deformation. However, interestingly, the localized areas show increased subsidence rates during both the early-post- and post-seismic periods. Therefore, we believe that the large co-seismic deformation experienced in this basin might induce the local subsidence to increase in rate, caused by oscillations of the water table level in the clay layer.     

基于弱光栅技术的地面沉降自动化监测系统

光纤监测技术具有分布式、精度高等特点,在地面沉降监测中具有独特优势。但受限于监测成本较高与监测环境复杂,目前地面沉降光纤监测多通过人工采集数据,限制了在特殊环境变化情况下地面沉降的实时信息获取。文章在地面沉降钻孔全断面光纤监测技术的基础上,设计并建立了基于弱光栅技术的地面沉降自动化监测系统。该监测系统利用弱反射光栅、时分复用、物联网和数据库等技术,通过4G无线通信手段实现了地面沉降在线自动化监测和远程数据实时采集,并通过客户端系统软件实现数据的存储、查询和分析。将其应用到衡水地区地面沉降监测中,结果表明:钻孔内土层压缩变形主要发生在以黏性土为主的隔水层（Ad2、Ad3、Ad4）;受季节性地下水开采的影响,钻孔100～400 m深度范围内砂土含水层存在波动变化,在监测期内,冬季略回弹,随后春季地下水开采量增大,地下水位下降,土层呈现压缩趋势。监测结果验证了该系统的可行性与准确性,使得整个地面沉降监测流程趋于自动化、规范化和低成本化,具有广泛的应用前景。     

天津市地面沉降的特征及其危害

天津是我国北方地面沉降最严重的城市之一,40余年的持续沉降不仅直接造成对安全高程、市政基础设施、房屋等建筑物的破坏,而且还通过安全高程的损失加剧了其他自然灾害的发生,使社会经济遭受严重损失.正确认识天津市地面沉降的特点及其危害,有利于控沉部门制定科学而有效的地面沉降减灾防灾政策和措施.基于对地面沉降所造成的危害分析和阐述,认为不合理开发地下流体资源是导致天津市地面沉降的主要原因,并提出相应预防和治理地面沉降的对策.     

改进的灰色预测模型在地面沉降预测中的应用

在地面沉降这一复杂系统中,既含有已知的又古有未知的或非确定的信息,可以作为一个灰色系统来研究.本文针对地面沉降的下沉曲线非线性特征,提出用一种基于残差灰色预测模型对地面沉降量时间序列进行研究.结果表明,通过改进后的灰色预测模型,预测精度得到了提高,在沉降量比较大和水准点比较稀少的地区,利用此模型预测地面沉降可减少地面沉降监测经费,并能实时提供地面沉降预警信息.     

东海丽水-椒江凹陷构造样式与含油气远景

丽水-椒江凹陷位于东海陆架盆地台北坳陷西部,其沉降过程经历了裂陷期、坳陷期、抬升期及区域沉降期4个阶段。盆地构造样式复杂,具有半地堑-地堑式结构并存、频繁变化等特征,断裂构造发育,主要有铲式、坡坪式、多米诺式、"Y"型、阶梯状、地垒和地堑等断裂构造组合。构造活动有效控制油气圈闭的形成,灵峰构造带(潜山构造带)、丽水西次凹中央反转背斜构造带、丽水西次凹屋脊断块构造带、椒江凹陷中部断块半背斜构造带为该区未来勘探的有利区带。     

现代黄河三角洲地区地面沉降的机理分析

利用前人在现代黄河三角洲地区进行的大量的野外调查和研究结果,对黄河三角洲地面沉降与第四系沉积体系、构造之间的对应关系进行了研究。研究结果表明现代黄河三角洲地区地面沉降除了因人类活动导致地面缓慢沉降外,新构造运动、第四系沉积相的分布也与三角洲沉降存在很好的相关性。研究区沉降区域的分布与主要断裂带相对应,软土的分布基本上控制了主沉降区的边界。研究结果可为以后三角洲的开发利用和管理以及其他三角洲地面沉降或地质灾害的监测提供必要的基础资料。     

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Seismic‐stratigraphic constraints on the age of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group,Faroe–Shetland region,Northeast Atlantic Ocean

Lower Palaeogene extrusive igneous rocks of the Faroe Islands Basalt Group (FIBG) dominate the Faroese continental margin, with flood basalts created at the time of breakup and separation from East Greenland extending eastwards into the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. This volcanic succession was emplaced in connection with the opening of the NE Atlantic; however, consensus on the age and duration of volcanism remains lacking. On the Faroe Islands, the FIBG comprises four main basaltic formations (the pre‐breakup Lopra and Beinisvørð formations, and the syn‐breakup Malinstindur and Enni formations) locally separated by thin intrabasaltic sedimentary and/or volcaniclastic units. Offshore, the distribution of these formations remains ambiguous. We examine the stratigraphic framework of these rocks on the Faroese continental margin combining onshore (published) outcrop information with offshore seismic‐reflection and well data. Our results indicate that on seismic‐reflection profiles, the FIBG can be informally divided into lower and upper seismic‐stratigraphic packages separated by the strongly reflective A‐horizon. The Lower FIBG comprises the Lopra and Beinisvørð formations; the upper FIBG includes the Malinstindur and Enni formations. The strongly reflecting A‐horizon is a consequence of the contrast in properties of the overlying Malinstindur and underlying Beinisvørð formations. Onshore, the A‐horizon is an erosional surface, locally cutting down into the Beinisvørð Formation; offshore, we have correlated the A‐horizon with the Flett unconformity, a highly incised, subaerial unconformity, within the juxtaposed and interbedded sedimentary fill of the Faroe‐Shetland Basin. We refer to this key regional boundary as the A‐horizon/Flett unconformity. The formation of this unconformity represents the transition from the pre‐breakup to the syn‐breakup phase of ocean margin development in the Faroe–Shetland region. We examine the wider implications of this correlation considering existing stratigraphic models for the FIBG, discussing potential sources of uncertainty in the correlation of the lower Palaeogene succession across the Faroe–Shetland region, and implications for the age and duration of the volcanism.     

Sentinel-1A SAR影像及其在矿区地面沉降监测中的应用研究

详细介绍了Sentinel-1A SAR影像数据的基本参数、工作模式、应用领域等。利用2016.11.09—2017.03.09的5景Sentinel-1A C波段SAR影像数据进行矿区地面沉降监测试验。基于SARscape利用双轨D-In SAR技术进行差分干涉处理,得到了研究区地面沉降分布图,直观地再现了研究区在2016.11.09—2017.03.09的沉降分布、沉降量级等。结果表明济宁某矿区在监测期间地面相对稳定,未有大面积和大量级的地面沉降发生,4个干涉对监测到的最大沉降都未超过3 cm。     

基于PS-InSAR技术的地表沉降分析

由于传统测量手段对于地表沉降监测不足,PS-InSAR技术具有高空间分辨率和一定程度能克服时间、空间以及大气的影响等优势,因而逐渐成为一种大范围地表沉降监测的主要方法。本文利用PS-InSAR技术,通过SARscape软件对收集到的34幅覆盖日本千叶市地区的ENVISAT ASAR遥感影像进行沉降监测实验。实验结果表明:日本千叶市地区最大累计沉降量为58.965 mm,主要集中在城市地区,并且该地区的沉降和地下矿藏开发有关。