Rapid geometry analysis for earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams in Taiwan

Stability analysis of the dam is important for disaster prevention and reduction. The dam＇s geometry plays an important role in understanding its stability. This study develops a rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method for both earthquake-induced and rainfall-induced landslide dams based on nine real cases collected in Chinese Taipei and 214 cases collected worldwide. For simplification purposes, a landslide dam is classified into triangular or trapezoidal. The rapid landslide dam geometry assessment method in this paper uses only satellite maps and the topographic maps to get landslide area, and then analyze the dam geometry. These maps are used to evaluate the area of the landslide and the slope of the river bed. Based on the evaluation information, the proposed method can calculate dam height, the length of the dam, and the angles of the dam in both upstream and downstream directions. These geometry parameters of a landslide dam provide important information for further dam stability analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to a real landslide dam case at Hsiaolin Village. The result shows that the proposed method can be used to assess the landslide dam geometry.     

多边断层研究现状

多边断层在世界50多个沉积盆地中均有发现,它是指平面上走向多方位且相互交叉组合成多边形形态、具有层控特征的伸展断裂系统,主要发育在被动大陆边缘盆地和内克拉通盆地内的细粒沉积物中。这类断层为非构造成因断层,目前占主流地位的成因机制有密度反转、脱水收缩和重力载荷机制;与构造正断层相比,多边断层明显具有层控性、多边性和体积应变等方性等特点。共同的几何学特征有:延伸长度短,多为平直或铲式断层,倾角变化范围为30°～70°(平均为45°),走向随机,断层平面交叉组合呈多边形形态。多边断层对储层砂体形态以及流体、天然气水合物的运移和聚集具有重要的意义。文中综合了自多边断层提出以来的国内外研究资料,概括了多边断层发育的几何学特征和成因机制以及多边断层对流体运移的影响,希望能对中国以后的多边断层研究提供参考。     

伊通复杂断陷盆地地震采集技术

从伊通盆地复杂的表层结构及深层地质条件出发,分析了影响复杂构造区信噪比和分辨率的主要因素,从而有针对性地研究了复杂构造下的观测系统设计及照明分析技术、复杂地表结构条件下的表层调查技术、提高信噪比的组合检波压制干扰波技术和基于表层调查的激发技术。通过一系列技术研究,形成了三分、三优选的技术措施,有效地提高了伊通盆地复杂构造的信噪比和分辨率,提高了西北缘山地的成像质量,满足了油气勘探的需求。     

三维地震采集中一致性问题探讨

随着勘探程度的提高,吉林探区的地震采集转向了岩性油藏、隐蔽油藏他和深层火山岩勘探,要求地震采集资料要有较高的分辨率和精度。而由观测系统设计参数产生的采集脚印及激发接收条件差异产生的子波不一致,影响了采集中处理精度的提高和解释中地震属性的精度提高。因此,从影响子波一致性的原因入手,从观测系统设计、激发和接收因素的选择上加以分析和研究,提出了减弱影响子波一致性的技术方法,在很大程度上提高了复杂地表的地震采集资料品质。     

阿拉善地块南缘构造活动特征与青藏高原东北缘向外扩展的最新边界

青藏高原向北东方向扩展的方式及最新扩展边界的位置,是目前青藏高原东北缘构造变形研究的热点.基于近年来对阿拉善地块南缘及邻区活动构造运动特征调查和定量研究结果,重点总结了阿拉善地块南缘活动断裂几何图像及运动特征,指出以前普遍认为的稳定阿拉善地块内部在新生代晚期发育了一系列规模不等、运动性质各异的活动断裂,这些活动断裂是青...     

汤加王国洪加火山的前世今生

洪加（Hunga）火山位于新西兰—克马德克—斐济俯冲带,该火山于2021年末又开始活动,并在2022年1月14、15日发生了千年一遇的世纪大喷发。喷发柱穿进平流层,形成了一个最高30 km、最宽800 km的蘑菇云,后期的气体火山灰云团几乎环绕南半球一周。喷发所引起的海啸在太平洋沿岸多地造成了灾害。根据现有的资料分析,洪加火山岩浆成分以安山岩为主,岩浆可能是沿着破火山口边缘由富气岩浆团块的“渗漏”驱动喷发的。这次洪加火山大喷发的一个最重要特征是喷发时产生了极为强烈的大气冲击波,这代表了岩浆内火山气体的极大富集。正是这种“超级富气岩浆”的喷发在喷火口位置形成了远超0.1 MPa(1 标准大气压）的出口压强,引发了向全球辐射的冲击波和数千千米以外都能听到的喷发声响。本次火山喷发引发海啸的机制,其一是爆炸冲击波,向外扩张的冲击波推动了海面表层海水的向外扩张;其二是苏特塞式（Surtseyan）喷发本身就有向外排走海水的能力。未来洪加火山喷发形式,很可能是沿着破火山口周边断裂或靠近破火山口中央谷地的熔岩穹丘或熔岩流。苏特塞式喷发会比较常见,但喷发规模不会太大。     

Mass-transport Deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Terrestrial Basin, Northeast China: Depositional Characteristics, Recognition Criteria and External Geometry

Extensive mass transport deposits（MTDs）, which form a significant component of the stratigraphic record in ancient and modern deep water systems, mostly distributed in the continental margin of ocean basins worldwide. To date, no large-scale MTDs have been found in Chinese terrestrial basins. Based on integrated analysis of the seismic, drilling, core and logging data, this article report MTDs have been found in Songliao terrestrial basin（SLTB）, Northeast China. During the depositional period of the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, slope break of lacustrine basins was an ideal discharge place for gravity depositions. Regional sedimentary study of MTDs reveals that Cretaceous-age MTDs in SLTB were deposited in slope-break environments by slide, slump and debris flow, and MTDs were mixed with little turbidite simultaneously. Besides the massive aspect, key features of MTDs are the common presence of deformational structures or softsedimentary deformation, floating shale clasts, boudins, microfaults, distortion beddings, rotated sand debris. Detailed mapping of two three-dimensional（3-D） seismic surveys acquired in Yingtai（YT） and Haituozi（HTZ） areas reveals that MTDs are characterized by chaotic, mounded, and transparent seismic reflection. Growth fault, slope gully and geomorphology of the slope break greatly influenced the sedimentary process and external geometry of MTDs, and as a consequence, MTDs in SLTB exhibit classic fan-like geometry and some special（non-fan-like） external geometry. Furthermore, fanlike MTDs can be divided into three subcategories, including isolated fan, mother-son fan and stacked fan. Non-fan-like MTDs can be divided into two subcategories, strip-like MTDs and faulted-pit MTDs. A new sedimentary model has been built for MTDs in SLTB. MTDs have become a new exploration and development target in the SLTB.     

苏鲁造山带北侧构造演化的几何学运动学特征

横穿诸城凹陷的南北向反射地震剖面揭示,苏鲁造山带北侧边界的中上地壳中存在着三层结构,即上部的胶莱盆地沉积盖层、中部的苏鲁楔状地体和下部代表华北板块的胶北地体;诸城凹陷边缘和内部断裂均显示同沉积正断层性质,苏鲁楔状地体中发育一组向北仰起的叠瓦状逆冲断层,而胶北地体显示了向南俯冲的态势.由此而论,可能存在着华北板块与扬子板块相向俯冲于苏鲁地体之下的陆陆碰撞机制,苏鲁地体可能具有与大别地体相似的花状造山带结构.     

砂脉的研究现状与进展*

近年来国内外对砂脉的研究非常重视,尤其是近期国外含油气盆地大型砂脉(砂注入体,sand injectite)的发现更加刺激了人们的研究热情。笔者主要从5个方面简要阐述了砂脉的研究现状与进展: (1)砂脉几何学特征;(2)砂脉的物质成分;(3)砂脉的成因;(4)砂脉的分类;(5)砂脉的地质意义。尽管中国不少学者已经做了一些相关工作,但与砂脉的复杂性和国际同类研究的先进水平和关注度相比,尚存在许多问题亟待解决。因此,有必要基于中国丰富且复杂的砂脉资源,精细解剖典型实例,阐明砂脉的三维几何特征,并探讨其与地震的关系和成因动力机制,为丰富和完善沉积学基础理论提供素材。     

对670地区铀成矿的认识

本文分析和归纳了蒙山破火山口主要地质特征及其对６７０地区铀成矿所起的控制作用，论证了赋矿火山岩为壳幔混源、以壳源为主的岩浆产物；探讨了该区铀矿的成矿物质来源、成矿物化条件及其形成过程，认为该区铀矿属富铀基底地层重熔的火山岩浆期后含铀热液成因模式，其成矿物质由重熔岩浆分异演化而来，在近地表富氧、低温、张性火山构造中沉淀成矿。