Maxwell’s equations in four-dimensional notation and the classical magnetic monopoles

It is shown that, on account of the commutability of the order of derivation of the electromagnetic 4-potential, the first pair of Maxwell equations, when written in a four dimensional notation, is incompatible with the existence of the classical magnetic monopole. It is hypothesized that the appearance in the past of magnetic monopoles could be accepted only if, in exceptional occurrences, it came to be locally lacking the space homogeneity and isotropy on which the commutability of space derivatives is based. The situation is more complex for massive cosmological monopoles.     

Turbulent flow structures in alluvial channels with curved cross‐sections under conditions of downward seepage

Experimental investigations have been done to analyze turbulent structures in curved sand bed channels with and without seepage. Measures of turbulent statistics such as time‐averaged near‐bed velocities, Reynolds stresses, thickness of roughness sublayer and shear velocities were found to increase with application of downward seepage. Turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds normal stresses are increased in the streamwise direction under the action of downward seepage, causing bed particles to move rapidly. Analysis of bursting events shows that the relative contributions of all events (ejections, sweeps and interactions) increase throughout the boundary layer, and the thickness of the zone of dominance of sweep events, which are responsible for the bed material movement, increases in the case of downward seepage. The increased sediment transport rate due to downward seepage deforms the cross‐sectional geometry of the channel made of erodible boundaries, which is caused by an increase in flow turbulence and an associated decrease in turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and turbulent diffusion.     

Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits

With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.     

Research for enhancing the precision of asymmetrical SBL system for any vessels

The SBL system (Short Baseline System) is usually utilized by offshore working vessels when performing its underwater orientation task so as to facilitate the exploitation of abundant benthal resources, therefore, the precise distance between the vessel and underwater targets for SBL system's estimation module are highly emphasized. However, hydrological data cited in the SBL system's estimation module is not real-time information and is difficult to accurately measure, which causes the calculation errors. Studies with regard to symmetrical SBL system are carried out by most of the researchers these days, yet research in this text shows the advantage to the asymmetrical SBL system's sensor on the vessel's bottom to be installed at discretion to measure and calculate the position. In addition to the locus equation used in the traditional position calculation, Haussiam Elimination, Cramer's rule, 3D geometry relation theory as well as substitution corrections applied to this asymmetrical SBL system to educe the correction for relative geometrical position between the underwater beacon and the sensor on the ship bottom. Through numeric simulation analysis, this SBL system is proved to be a high precision acoustic positioning system based on its quick correction and high precision position calculated by the asymmetrical SBL system established in this study.     

Evidence of a Cretaceous remagnetization in the Cameros Basin (North Spain): implications for basin geometry

The paleomagnetic results obtained in 23 sites from red beds of the northern border of the inverted Cameros Basin (northern Iberian Peninsula) prove a Cretaceous widespread remagnetization. Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses indicate that the Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is dominated by a stable and always normal polarity component carried by haematite. Two conglomerate test and five-fold test indicate that this component is a syn-tectonic overprint dated between Albian and Santonian times, most probably Albian, contemporary with a low-grade metamorphism. Remagnetization was acquired before compressional deformation and post-dates the main extensional stage of basin formation (Berriasian–Albian). Incremental fold tests provide best clustering solutions showing dispersed results and far from the expected direction. An alternative procedure to obtain fold test solution was applied considering asymmetric limb rotation. Mean directions obtained from these “asymmetric solutions” are consistent with the expected direction and yield a statistical value for significant grouping at the 95% confidence level in all fold tests performed. This reconstruction allows to determine the tilting of beds at the moment of acquisition of magnetization. These original dips were used to reconstruct the original geometry of the northern basin border, later modified during the Tertiary inversion stage. This extensional geometry can be characterised as a large-scale syn-sedimentary normal fault drag, with a minor roll-over anticline. The procedure developed in this paper should be tested in other inverted basins that also have undergone burial remagnetizations.     

Flow kinematics in the deeper part of a subduction channel, as inferred from inclusion trails in plagioclase porphyroblasts from the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks, south-west Japan

The subduction and exhumation of accretionary prism metasedimentary rocks are accompanied by large‐strain ductile deformations which may be recorded in microstructures. Porphyroblast microstructures have been a key to unravel the kinematics in such deformed belts. Shape‐preferred orientation (SPO) of epidote and amphibole inclusions that define S‐shaped trails in prograde cores of plagioclase porphyroblasts were analysed from the high‐P/T Sambagawa metamorphic rocks. Inclusions are found to be elongate parallel to the [010] and [001] directions, respectively, and their long‐axis orientations define an internal foliation S_i (best‐fit great circle) and lineation L_i (maximum on the S_i). S‐shaped inclusion trails in the orthogonal sections do not exhibit the same geometries, but rather are grouped into two types, where the foliation intersection axes (FIAs) are nearly perpendicular and parallel to L_i, respectively. These two types of S‐shaped inclusion trails are seen in the sections inclined at low and high angles to the L_i, respectively. However, the latter type commonly consists of composite trails, where the S_i is first rotated about an FIA perpendicular to the L_i (i.e. unique axis), and then about an FIA parallel to the L_i. The S‐shaped inclusion trails are interpreted to have formed by the successive overgrowth of matrix minerals and rotation of the plagioclase porphyroblast cores about a unique axis in non‐coaxial deformation. The rotation of S_i about an FIA nearly parallel to the L_i is perhaps an apparent rotation, caused by the deflection of foliation around the growing prismatic plagioclase grain prior to inclusion into the porphyroblast. This study has for the first time documented the 3‐D geometry of S‐shaped inclusion trails in porphyroblasts from accretionary prism metasedimentary rocks and identified their origin, which helps to understand the flow kinematics in the deeper part of a subduction channel.     

GIS岛多边形三角剖分算法

结合Delaunay三角剖分原理,在多边形顶点关系的基础上,通过对多边形从外向内间隔相邻级环间的三角剖分,来实现岛多边形的剖分算法。算法涉及图形相交、相邻、相离、包含等几何关系分析,以及Delaunay三角形构建等过程。对图形几何关系判断和三角形构建等过程进行了优化处理,提高了岛内三角剖分的精度和速度,解决了GIS制图中存在的"岛中岛"等复杂几何图形的剖分问题,可以对任意凹凸多边形实现快速三角剖分。首先获取并存储shape文件中多边形的空间坐标数据,然后基于该算法在VC++开发环境中完成岛多边形的三角剖分和显示。通过对不同形状的岛多边形反复测试表明,该算法的三角剖分结果均可达到最优,且效率较高。     

The influence of bank strength on channel geometry: an integrated analysis of some observations

Bank strength exerts a significant influence on river channel geometry, but quantification of this relationship has been limited to only a few specific circumstances. This is due to both the complex nature of bank strength and the difficulty in incorporating its influence in river channel geometry relations. In order to undertake an integrated analysis of wide-ranging field observations, this study applies a recently developed multivariate model of channel geometry. When the banks of a number of laterally stable streams are categorized on the basis of the bank sediment and vegetation, the multivariate model yields numerical indices of bank strength. Within the range of the data analysed, bank strength can produce a three-fold change in channel width and a two-fold change in depth corresponding to about a 1·6-fold change in cross-sectional area. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型数字航摄相机摄影测量精度验证比对分析

针对目前数字航摄相机广泛应用于自然资源地理信息生产领域,该文介绍国内外主流的数字航摄相机,分析德国DMCIII、美国UCE、国产CKAC200的成像原理及关键技术,着重介绍利用航空传感器的空对地(几何)检定场,对3种数字航摄相机的摄影测量平面精度和高程精度进行检测,从摄影测量精度方面进行比对分析,阐明该文航空传感器空对地(几何)检定场可为数字航摄相机的评价及能力验证提供了行之有效的方案。     

Thermodynamic geometry of the Garfinkle—Horowitz—Strominger dilaton black hole

This paper studies the thermodynamic properties of the Garfinkle--Horowitz--Strominger dilaton black hole from the viewpoint of geometry. It calculates the heat capacity and the temperature of the black hole, Weinhold metric and Ruppeiner metric are also obtained respectively. It finds that they are both curved and the scalar curvature of the Weinhold geometry consists with the first-order transition point reproduced from the capacity, while the Ruppeiner one is both in accordance with the first-order and the second-order phase transition points reproduced from the capacity.