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51.
This study shows the usefulness of the semivariogram for modelling sand ripples created by water flows of varied flow intensity. A combination of two mathematical functions is fitted to each sample semivariogram, that is an exponential (or stochastic) component and a periodic component. The parameters of each of these components have direct physical meaning. A non-dimensional ratio combining the two parameters of the exponential model is interpreted as a regularity index (which increases with the degree of regularity of bedform arrangement). This regularity index is inversely related to the Froude number of the flow. The non-dimensional wavelength, estimated from the dominant periodic function, is also inversely and closely related to the Froude number. The wave height, accurately estimated from properties of the two fitted components, is a direct function of flow velocity and is also proportional to the standard deviation of bed elevations. The bedform shape introduces a considerable discrepancy between the generally assumed normal frequency distribution and the empirical distributions of bed height. The series of bed elevations are generally characterized by a mixture of normal distributions having the same variance but different means. The calculation of a covariance assuming a constant and single mean (as in spectral analysis) can therefore be misleading and the problem may be avoided by using the semivariogram. 相似文献
52.
Riverbank erosion, associated sedimentation and land loss hazards are a land management problem of global significance and many attempts to predict the onset of riverbank instability have been made. Recently, Osman and Thorne (1988) have presented a Culmann-type analysis of the stability of steep, cohesive riverbanks; this has the potential to be a considerable improvement over previous bank stability theories, which do not account for bank geometry changes due to toe scour and lateral erosion. However, in this paper it is shown that the existing Osman-Thorne model does not properly incorporate the influence of tension cracking on bank stability since the location of the tension crack on the floodplain is indirectly determined via calculation or arbitrary specification of the tension crack depth. Furthermore, accurate determination of tension crack location is essential to the calculation of the geometry of riverbank failure blocks and hence prediction of land loss and bank sediment yield associated with riverbank instability and channel widening. In this paper, a rational, physically based method to predict the location of tension cracks on the floodplain behind the eroding bank face is presented and tested. A case study is used to illustrate the computational procedure required to apply the model. Improved estimates of failure block geometry using the new method may potentially be applied to improve predictions of bank retreat and floodplain land loss along river channels destabilized as a result of environmental change. 相似文献
53.
54.
Dhruba Mukhopadhyay Tapas Bhattacharya Tapan Chakraborty Arun Kanti Dey 《Journal of Earth System Science》1990,99(2):249-268
In the western part of the North Singhbhum fold belt near Lotapahar and Sonua the remobilized basement block of Chakradharpur
Gneiss is overlain by a metasedimentary assemblage consisting of quartz arenite, conglomerate, slate-phyllite, greywacke with
volcanogenic material, volcaniclastic rocks and chert. The rock assemblage suggests an association of volcanism, turbidite
deposition and debris flow in the basin. The grade of metamorphism is very low, the common metamorphic minerals being muscovite,
chlorite, biotite and stilpnomelane. Three phases of deformation have affected the rocks. The principal D1 structure is a
penetrative planar fabric, parallel to or at low angle to bedding. No D1 major fold is observed and the regional importance
of this deformation is uncertain. The D2 deformation has given rise to a number of northerly plunging major folds on E-W axial
planes. These have nearly reclined geometry and theL
2lineation is mostly downdip on theS
2surface, though some variation in pitch is observed. The morphology of D2 planar fabric varies from slaty cleavage/schistosity
to crenulation cleavage and solution cleavage. D3 deformation is weak and has given rise to puckers and broad warps on schistosity
and bedding. The D2 major folds south of Lotapahar are second order folds in the core of the Ongarbira syncline whose easterly
closure is exposed east of the mapped area. Photogeological study suggests that the easterly and westerly closing folds together
form a large synclinal sheath fold. There is a continuity of structures from north to south and no mylonite belt is present,
though there is attenuation and disruption along the fold limbs. Therefore, the Singhbhum shear zone cannot be extended westwards
in the present area. There is no evidence that in this area a discontinuity surface separates two orogenic belts of Archaean
and Proterozoic age. 相似文献
55.
从信息论原理和分形几何学的观点出发,采用多种方法,分析研究1988年澜沧—耿马7.6级地震前地震活动的信息、信息熵和分维的变化特征表明,地震前1—2年内,中、小地震活动的信息熵、缺信量和容量维、信息维出现明显的低值变化过程,反映了地震前兆的减熵、降维特点,从一个侧面反映了大震前,一定区域内中、小地震活动的时空变化从无序向有序的演化过程。 相似文献
56.
Changes in channel character along a small river in the Scottish Highlands are described using measurements in seven reaches over a 3 km length with no significant tributaries but a decline in slope from 0.02 to 0.00015 because of local baselevel control. This decline in slope is associated with rapid downstream fining of the gravel bed followed by an abrupt transition to a sand bed. The channel pattern alters progressively rather than abruptly, in the sequence (1) near-braided, (2) meandering with active point-bar chutes, (3) meandering with active outer-bank talweg, (4) stable equiwidth sinuous. The changes in channel pattern and hydraulic geometry are predicted better by rational approaches based on critical shear stress or other physical concepts than by purely empirical discriminant or trend equations. Measurements in five reaches confirm a downstream decrease in shear stress and the amount and calibre of bedload. It is argued that the downstream changes in channel character in this stream are induced by profile concavity inherited from deglacial conditions, are typical of many streams in mountainous areas and can be understood in terms of slope-induced changes in hydraulic properties. 相似文献
57.
本文对煤岩基本力学性质、煤层水压致裂缝形成条件、裂缝形态以及裂缝开裂角方位等基本理论进行了研究与探讨,通过大量煤岩力学性质测试,证实了试验区目的层煤岩弹性模量低,泊松比较高,脆性大,易破碎,易压缩。文章还得出了目的层煤岩Mohr断裂准则二次抛物线型包络线,煤层水压致裂裂缝形式判断,裂缝开裂角方位的计算公式以及有关结论。 相似文献
58.
James E. Pizzuto 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1984,9(3):199-207
Cross-sections of 16 straight sandbed streams in Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska were surveyed. Two stratigraphic horizons were found in the banks at each site, an upper cohesive unit usually composed of silt and clay and a lower unit composed of sand. Bank erosion on these rivers occurs when the upper cohesive unit is undercut by scour at bends. The overhanging cohesive block fails by beam or cantilever failure. As upper bank failure is a direct result of undercutting, the stability and rate of retreat of the bank are largely determined by erosion of the sandy part of the bank. The cohesive layer has little influence on bank retreat and width adjustment on the rivers studied here. A quantitative lateral sediment transport model developed by Parker (1978a) is used to calculate the steady-state geometry of the sandy part of the bank. Results are obtained for the shape, length, and height of the sandy part of the bank. The model predicts the length of the bank fairly well, and the theoretical equation for the height of the bank is of the correct form. The model, however, overestimates the slope of the bank. The height of the sandy part of the bank (Db) is approximately equal to the depth of the mean annual flow. Since Db is determined by the lateral sediment transport model, the width (W) may be obtained from the equation of continuity (Q = WDbV), published flow (Q) data, and a resistance equation for the mean velocity, V. The calculated widths are similar to those measured in the field. 相似文献
59.
60.
论述了岩体损伤力学在岩体力学中的地位,并从细观和宏观两个方面系统介绍了其最新研究进展;对岩体损伤力学研究中的几个重要问题提出了见解,认为分形几何是研究损伤的有效手段。 相似文献