古气候演化特征、驱动与反馈及对现代气候变化研究的启示意义

古气候与现代气候变化研究如何有效结合,特别是古气候研究如何为理解现代气候变化过程提供背景条件、边界约束和理论框架,值得深入探讨。文章以现代、历史时期、全新世、晚第四纪和新生代为时间基线,回顾阐述了过去气候演变特征、成因机制及其对现代气候变化研究的启示意义,探讨了过去与现代气候变化融合研究中存在的不确定性。过去气候演化过程的研究,加深了人们对地球气候系统运行机制的理解。研究表明,各个时期中,地球气候经历了不同相位、幅度和速率的变化,气候系统各分量之间发生了复杂的相互作用,以地表温度为代表的地球表面热力环境演化是各不同阶段气候变化的基本表现形式。全球温度变化不仅受到太阳输出辐射、地球轨道参数和地球构造运动等的影响,而且与地球表层水圈中的海洋、冰冻圈中的大陆冰盖、生物圈中的海洋浮游生物和陆地植被,以及大气圈中的温室气体、粉尘气溶胶、水汽和云等活跃组分之间,存在着多尺度复杂反馈作用。在同一时间尺度上,气候系统分量的互馈通路可能是同向的、可比的,各分量之间的对应关系或具有一致性,研究结论对于预估未来气候变化有借鉴意义;但在不同时间尺度上,气候系统各分量之间的相互联系机制可能难有一致性和可比性,古今互鉴,就需要慎重。

     

中国石化油田企业数据中心总体框架设计

随着数字油田建设的逐步深入,油田数据日益增多,数据集成化管理与应用难度随之增加,建立油田级数据中心成为必然.结合中国石化信息化建设现状,按照统一规划、统一标准、统一投资、统一建设和统一管理的建设原则,提出油田数据中心总体框架,根据框架需求设计数据中心的数据采集体系、数据存储体系和数据服务平台.中国石化油田企业数据中心在胜利油田完成试点建设,并相继推广至其他油田,取得较好效果.     

2-D or 3-D interpretation of conductivity anomalies: example of the Rhine-Graben conductivity anomaly

Summary. Evidence of a conductivity anomaly in the Rhine-Graben was first given about 15 years ago and consequently led to the definition of various models of induction in the region for periods ranging from a few minutes to a few hours. These models reflect two antagonistic ways of explaining the observed anomalous variations of the magnetic field: direct induction in a two-dimensional (2-D) structure or static distortion of telluric currents by the resistive crystalline Vosges (France) and Schwarzwalde (Germany) massifs. We discuss the two approaches using a simple formalism. In particular, we show that the self-induction related to the anomalous currents flowing in the Rhine-Graben is negligible for periods larger than 1000 s, and that, even though the static distortion of telluric currents does account for the observed anomaly, 2-D models can explain some of its features. We also show how the channelled currents are induced in the large sedimentary basins surrounding the area under study.
An experimental verification of this result is given.     

南极海洋动物粪土源N2O稳定同位素实验研究

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,土壤是全球N₂O的重要排放源。通过测定土壤源N₂O中N、O同位素值,可以有效识别N₂O的来源途径。本文采集了南极法尔兹半岛两个地点的海豹粪土（HS和GS）、阿德雷岛两个地点的企鹅粪土(AB和AF)以及东南极的帝企鹅粪土(DQ和DQT),在室内对所采集的样品分别在有氧和厌氧条件下进行冻融培养实验。结果表明：土壤在厌氧条件下比有氧条件下排放了更多的N₂O。土壤排放的N₂O与当地大气N₂O相比普遍贫15N和18O。除DQT和HS外, δ15N和δ18O在有氧和厌氧培养下均呈现很好的正相关性。N₂O排放量下降的同时伴随着培养瓶内剩余N₂O中δ15N和δ18O 值的增加,证实N₂O还原为N2的过程会引起重同位素富集。高的水分含量有利于土壤反硝化作用的进行,使释放的N₂O气体富集重同位素;pH值也会影响N₂O的同位素组成,低pH会引起δ15N值增加。     

Migration and enrichment of trace elements of Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing

Analyses of trace elements of the Lower Palaeozoic carbonate rock strata in Beijing show that the contents of As, Hg, F increase from primary carbonate rocks to weathered carbonate rocks and from primary carbonate rocks to the soil coexisting with carbonate rocks, but the distribution regularity of S is not obvious. In the whole weathered stages, the sorption of As is mainly affected by Fe2O3. In soil Fe2O3 is also the main affecting factor of Hg enrichment. The main existing forms of Hg in primary carbonate rocks should simply be physical adsorption, coprecipitation and false isomorphous form between surface of carbonate rock and Hg. In soil the enrichment of F has little relationship with sul-fides and Fe2O3. In primary carbonate rocks, F is mainly absorbed by sulfides and clay minerals, etc. Weathered samples have closer genetic relationships with primary carbonate rocks. This also implies that weathered carbonate rocks have the close existing forms to that of primary carbonate rocks. In primary carbonate rocks FeS2 and FeS are the main forms of S, and sulfides have fixation effect on some heavy metals, whereas in weathered carbonate rocks and soil the fixation effect is weakened.     

南极威德尔海周边雪冰和大气气溶胶中的MSA,nssSO_4~(2-)浓度及其比率研究

分析了威德尔海周边雪冰和大气中ＭＳＡ和ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４浓度资料。结果表明,威德尔海是造成这一地区大气中高含量生物硫化物的“源”,其周边岛屿及冰架表层雪冰记载和反映了大气中生物硫化物的空间分布和季节变化特点。源区产出硫化物的强度存在显著差异：靠近南极半岛一侧高于靠近Ｆｉｌｃｈｎｅｒ－Ｒｏｎｎｅ冰架一侧。尽管诸多因素对输运和沉降过程发生影响,表层积雪ＭＳＡ和ｎｓＳＯ２－４浓度仍呈现出很有规律性的空间分布：随沉降地点离海距离和海拔高度的增加,浓度值递减;但在一定海拔之下,“高程效应”不显著。冰芯中ＭＳＡ浓度垂向分布显示出季节分配“滞后”现象,在表层表现为受天气条件制约的输运过程造成的相位差,在深层则归因于有待验证的“迁移”机制作用的结果。大气和雪冰样品对比研究结果表明,在类似威德尔海这样的高纬地区,大气中的ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ“信号”在雪冰样品中会遭到不同程度的减弱。但就空间变化趋势和季节分布而言,表层雪冰仍是大气中组分（在本文是ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ）的良好载体。十分接近的大气和雪冰ＭＳＡ对ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４（或ＳＯ２－４）比率证实,这两种大气组分在由大气洗净和沉降到冰雪过程中只发生微弱的分离作用。这也就是大气和雪冰中     

X-ray spectral evolution of low-mass X-ray binary GX 349+2

We present the results of a systematic investigation of spectral evolution in the Z source GX 349+2, using data obtained during 1998 with the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on-board the RXTE satellite. The source traced a extended normal branch (NB) and flaring branch (FB) in the colour–colour diagram (CD) and the hardness-intensity diagram (HID) during these observations. The spectra at different positions of the Z-track were best fitted by a model consisting of a disc blackbody and a Comptonized spectrum. A broad (Gaussian) iron line at ∼6.7 keV is also required to improve the fit. The spectral parameters showed a systematic and significant variation with the position along the Z-track. The evolution in spectral parameters is discussed in view of the increasing mass accretion rate scenario, proposed to explain the motion of Z sources in the CD and the HID.     

量子化学方法研究氯代苯酚类化合物对水生物毒性的构效关系

对20个氯代苯酚类化合物进行了CNDO/2量子化学计算,讨论了化合物电子结构与其对水生物翻车鱼(Bluegill)、花鳉鱼(Guppy)、和虾(Shrimp)半致死量之间的关系,分别获得了表示其构效关系的三个线性方程,它们的显著性均远高于α=0.01水平。结果表明:氯代苯酚化合物苯环上碳原子的兀电荷之和(∑Qπ_R)越大苯环上碳原子的净电荷之和(∑Q_R)越大,或LUMO轨道能(E_(LUMO))越低,均使化合物对Bluegill和Guppy水生物的毒性增大;而化合物苯环上羟基邻位的碳原子的兀电荷布居(P_3)越大,同时HOMO轨道能E_(HOMO)越高,则化合物对Shrimp毒性也越大。据此,可预测氯代苯酚类化合物对上述三种水生物的毒性。