A sulfur budget for the Black Sea anoxic zone

A budget for the sulfur cycle in the Black Sea is proposed which incorporates specific biogeochemical process rates. The average sulfide production in the water column is estimated to be 30–50 Tg yr⁻¹, occurring essentially in the layer between 500 and 2000 m. About 3.2–5.2 Tg sulfide yr⁻¹ form during sulfate reduction in surface sediments of the anoxic zone. Total sulfur burial in anoxic sediments of 1 Tg yr⁻¹ consists of 10–70% (ca. 40–50% is the average) water column formed (syngenetic) component, the rest being diagenetic pyrite. As a maximum, between 3 and 5 Tg yr⁻¹ contribute sulfide to the bottom water or diffuse downward in the sediment. About 20–50 Tg yr⁻¹ sulfide is oxidized mostly at the chemocline and about 10–20% of this amount (4.4–9.2 Tg yr⁻¹) below the chemocline by the oxygen of the Lower Bosphorus Current. A model simulating the vertical distribution of sulfide in the Black Sea water column shows net consumption in the upper layers down to ca. 500 m, essentially due to oxidation at the chemocline, and net production down to the bottom. On the basis of the calculated budget anoxic conditions in the Black Sea are sustained by the balance between sulfide production in the anoxic water column and oxidation at the chemocline. On average the residence time of sulfide in the anoxic zone is about 90–150 yr, comparable to the water exchange time between oxic and anoxic zones. Hydrophysical control on the sulfur cycle appears to be the main factor regulating the extent of anoxic conditions in the Black Sea water column, rather than rates of biogeochemical processes.     

九龙江口水体中各形态磷的行为

１９９御３月至１９９６年２月，逐月从九龙江口的淡水端到入海端的全段河口区采取表层水样。测定并计算水体溶解态和颗粒态的磷：ＤＩＰ，ＤＯＰ，ＤＴＰ，ＰＩＰ，ＰＯＰ，ＰＴＰ和ＴＰ。结果表明，河流为九龙江口带来大量的磷。其主要以无机态的ＰＩＰ，ＤＩＰ形式存在。     

振荡水柱波能装置冲击式空气透平优化数值模拟研究

冲击式空气透平是振荡水柱式波能发电装置的二级能量转换装置,具有自启动性能好、在大流量系数区保持较高效率等优势,近年来应用越来越广泛.有学者提出在冲击式透平动叶片尖端安装环结构的设计,可以改善动叶片叶尖间隙处的气流流动形态,提高透平的工作性能.依托于此观点,构建了安装有环结构的冲击式透平的三维定常数值模型,并通过网格数量...     

基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法

漫衰减系数是一个重要的海洋光学参数,能够为水体环境变化、水质分析以及水产养殖等方面提供基础性数据.针对目前船载实地测量效率与分辨率低、卫星遥感反演精度与分辨率较低的局限性,本文提出一种基于机载LiDAR测深水体波形的漫衰减系数提取方法.该方法首先通过分层异构模型的机载LiDAR波形分解算法得到水体散射回波,利用激光在水...     

基于OMI数据的贵州省对流层NO2浓度时空变化分析

利用OMI卫星遥感数据提供的NO2浓度产品及气象站点数据,分析了2005-2017年贵州省对流层NO2柱浓度时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:①贵州省NO2柱浓度年均值较小,说明贵州省空气质量整体比较好,年变化为NO2柱浓度先升高再降低的趋势,冬季最高、夏季最低,而月变化呈内凹型分布,一年中最大值大多出现在1月,7月出现最低值的次数最多;②空间分布呈西高东低、北高南低的特点;③在9个地市州中,六盘水市的NO2柱浓度年均值最大,贵阳市位于第二,浓度最低的是黔东南州。④降水和温度对NO2柱浓度都具有一定的负影响。     

新型方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁节点抗震性能试验研究

通过柱端加载的低周反复荷载试验对8个内隔板三边焊接,而在未焊一边柱壁板上布置圆柱头栓钉的方钢管混凝土柱-H形钢梁节点进行了试验研究,研究了不同轴压比情况下节点的破坏模式、延性、耗能性能等。试验结果表明,破坏之前节点具有良好的滞回性能、延性及耗能能力,满足现行抗震规范的要求。该节点可以用于方钢管混凝土柱两侧弯矩相差较大时,弯矩较小一侧节点。提出了相关的设计建议。     

北京地区秋季大气CO柱总量的变化

利用中分辨率红外光谱仪于1999年秋采暖前后在北京进行了为期两个月的CO、水汽等大气微量成分柱总量的测量.测量结果表明,采暖后北京市区CO柱总量较采暖前有所增加,采暖前CO柱总量较小,日均值为0.147 atm-cm,而采暖后CO柱总量较大,前7天的日均值为0.205 atm-cm,相应地日变化也比较大.但是,大气中的CO柱总量受到气象条件的重要影响,影响CO柱总量逐日变化和日变化的气象因子主要有大气稳定度、风速和风向等.     

淳安南浦大桥抗震性能研究

浙江淳安南浦大桥跨径大(308m),宽跨比小(1／19．81),该桥的面外刚度小于面内刚度。采用反应谱方法对该桥进行抗震性能的分析,结果表明该桥在地震荷载作用下的结构内力大于车辆荷载作用下的内力。     

半主动TLCD对固定式海洋平台的离散神经网络滑模控制

主要研究了半主动调液柱型阻尼器（TLCD）对固定式海洋平台的离散神经网络滑模变结构控制方法。首先建立了平台结构-TLCD控制系统微分方程及其离散化状态空间表达,然后阐述了基于神经网络的滑模变结构控制的基本算法和控制策略,最后应用该神经网络滑模变结构控制策略对一个已建成的实际海洋平台结构的TLCD半主动控制问题进行了数值仿真分析。仿真分析的结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Single- and multiple-tuned liquid column dampers for seismic applications

Design parameters for single- and multiple-tuned liquid column dampers for reducing the response of structures to seismic excitations are presented. A deterministic analysis is carried out using 72 earthquake ground motion records to determine the tuning ratio, tube width to liquid length ratio, and head loss coefficient corresponding to a given mass ratio for single-tuned liquid column dampers. A similar analysis is performed to determine the central tuning ratio, tuning bandwidth, and grouping of dampers for multiple-tuned liquid column dampers. The study indicates that by properly selecting the design parameters, single- and multiple-tuned liquid column dampers can reduce the response of structures to seismic excitation by up to 45 per cent. Design examples using single- and multiple-tuned liquid column dampers in a bridge and a ten-storey building are presented to illustrate how the parameters are selected and to demonstrate the performance of the devices under different ground excitations. The response of several structures with tuned liquid column dampers is compared with that using tuned mass dampers where it is shown that both devices result in comparable reductions in the response. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was produced under the auspices of the U.S. Government and it is therefore not subject to copyright in the U.S.