Transient 3D numerical simulations of column collapse and pyroclastic density current scenarios at Vesuvius

Numerical simulations of column collapse and pyroclastic density current (PDC) scenarios at Vesuvius were carried out using a transient 3D flow model based on multiphase transport laws. The model describes the dynamics of the collapse as well as the effects of the 3D topography of the volcano on PDC propagation. Source conditions refer to a medium-scale sub-Plinian event and consider a pressure-balanced jet. Simulation results provide new insights into the complex dynamics of these phenomena. In particular: 1) column collapse can be characterized by different regimes, from incipient collapse to partial or nearly total collapse, thus confirming the possibility of a transitional field of behaviour of the column characterized by the contemporaneous and/or intermittent occurrence of ash fallout and PDCs; 2) the collapse regime can be characterized by its fraction of eruptive mass reaching the ground and generating PDCs; 3) within the range of the investigated source conditions, the propagation and hazard potential of PDCs appear to be directly correlated with the flow-rate of the mass collapsing to the ground, rather than to the collapse height of the column (this finding is in contrast with predictions based on the energy-line concept, which simply correlates the PDC runout and kinetic energy with the collapse height of the column); 4) first-order values of hazard variables associated with PDCs (i.e., dynamic pressure, temperature, airborne ash concentration) can be derived from simulation results, thereby providing initial estimates for the quantification of damage scenarios; 5) for scenarios assuming a location of the central vent coinciding with that of the present Gran Cono, Mount Somma significantly influences the propagation of PDCs, largely reducing their propagation in the northern sector, and diverting mass toward the west and southeast, accentuating runouts and hazard variables for these sectors; 6) the 2D modelling approximation can force an artificial radial propagation of the PDCs since it ignores azimuthal flows produced by real topographies that therefore need to be simulated in fully 3D conditions.     

固结比对砂土动剪切模量及地表反应谱的影响

采用共振柱试验方法,研究了固结比对砂土最大动剪切模量以及对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系的影响。通过土层地震反应计算,初步给出了这种影响对地表反应谱作用的估计。对福建标准砂和哈尔滨砂进行了系统试验,提出了计算不同固结比砂土最大动剪切模量的建议公式,公式显示固结比kc>1、最大动剪切模量较kc=1时的增长程度明显比Hardin公式要大。同时,给出了固结比对动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系及其对地表反应谱的影响。结果表明,固结比对砂土动剪切模量比与剪应变非线性关系有一定影响。随着固结比增加,模量比非线性关系曲线有一定提高,在强地震动作用下的土层反应分析中应考虑实际固结比的影响。     

薄壁型钢管/胶合竹板复合柱抗震性能试验

对9根带约束拉杆的方形薄壁型钢管/胶合竹板复合空芯柱(SBCCB)试件进行低周反复拟静力测试,考察SBCCB的破坏过程和形态,分析试件的长细比、胶合竹净横截面面积、截面组合方式对其受力和抗震性能影响。结果表明:SBCCB破坏形态主要为柱脚胶合面的开裂破坏和胶合竹板断裂破坏,截面组合方式对其破坏模式有显著影响。SBCCB试件有较好的弹性变形能力和抗震耗能性能,增大复合柱截面尺寸和长细比能改善抗震性能;约束拉杆有效保证了试件的整体性,抑制基体开胶破坏,间接提高了抗震性能。     

公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力优化评估分析

以往基于模态增量动力方法对公共建筑进行抗地震倒塌能力评估时是单纯地从总体角度进行考察的,其得到的结果较为粗糙,无法准确反映出公共建筑的抗地震倒塌能力,导致其经济效益较差。提出新的公共建筑结构抗地震倒塌能力优化评估方法以分析公共建筑整体的抗地震倒塌能力,总结出其与子结构以及构件三者间的关系,进而研究构件的损毁情况,以实现对建筑抗地震倒塌能力的整体评估。基于公共建筑的倒塌破坏区间,采用其结构抗震倒塌能力评估方法,对公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力实施优化评估分析,得到其具体破坏指数,实现对其进行准确评估。实验结果说明,所提方法可准确描述公共建筑结构的抗地震倒塌能力,提高建筑结构抗地震倒塌能力和经济效益。     

厂房下柱在垂直动载下的力学响应及稳定性

针对单层厂房桥式吊车起吊重物时对排架下柱造成冲击的现状,基于振动力学理论,分析垂直动载环境下吊车梁及下柱体组合体系的振动特征,得到下柱垂直位移的动态响应数学表达式,显示振动位移出现两次突增,其中第一次突增伴随位移方向的突跃性改变,成为下柱的最剧烈振动,整个振动持续时间约5.5s。结合具体算例探索相关因素对下柱位移的影响规律,发现增大柱体材质的粘滞系数、弹性模量以及动载衰减系数,可缩短振动时间、降低位移振幅、推迟乃至消除二次位移峰值;而增大起吊重量对振动时间不产生影响,但会使振幅显著增加。在此基础上,以垂直动载对振动系统作功为势函数,采用尖点突变理论建立下柱稳定性状态的判别式,并结合示例阐明通过判别式预测系统稳定时任一参量的方法。     

多层钢管混凝土柱-铰接钢梁-混凝土核心筒结构振动台试验研究

验证研究新型多层钢管混凝土柱-铰接钢梁-混凝土核心筒结构的震损和反应特点。制作9层1/40的缩尺模型进行振动台测试,调查结构的震损特点、动力特性和地震反应。结果表明:震损出现在楼板与钢管混凝土柱、核心筒以及钢梁连接处的楼板上,震损破坏为变形引起的连接构造破坏和结构性破坏;自振周期随震损增加而增大,动力放大效应减小,侧向变形和层间位移显著增大;结构平均最大层间位移角超过规范框架-核心筒结构不倒塌限值的4.08倍而未出现倒塌;外排架抗扭刚度小,结构扭转反应由核心筒主导;相对于超高层结构,多层结构的剪重比显著增大,未出现因倾覆力矩过大而导致核心筒破坏的情况,较大层间位移角与损伤破坏的相关性提高。     

Residual structural capacity evaluation of steel moment‐resisting frames with dynamic‐strain‐based model updating method

This paper presents a method for evaluating the residual structural capacity of earthquake‐affected steel structures. The method first quantifies the damage severity of a beam by computing the dynamic‐strain‐based damage index. Next, the model used to analyze the structure is updated based on the damage index, to reflect the observed damage conditions. The residual structural capacity is then estimated in terms of changes in stiffness and strength, which can be applied by structural engineers, via a nonlinear static analysis of the updated model. The main contributions of this paper are in performance evaluation of the dynamic‐strain‐based damage index for seismically induced damage using a newly developed substructure testing environment, consideration of various damage patterns in composite beams, and extension of a local damage evaluation technique to a residual capacity estimation procedure by incorporating the model‐updating technique. In laboratory testing, the specimens were damaged quasi‐statically, and vibration tests were conducted as the damage proceeded. First, a bare steel beam–column connection was tested, and then a similar one with a floor slab was used for a more realistic case. The estimated residual structural capacities for these specimens were compared with the static test results. The results verified that the proposed method can provide fine estimates of the stiffness and strength deteriorations within 10% for the specimen without the floor slab and within 30% for that with the floor slab. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rocking damage‐free steel column base with friction devices: design procedure and numerical evaluation

Earthquake‐resilient steel frames, such as self‐centering frames or frames with passive energy dissipation devices, have been extensively studied during the past decade, but little attention has been paid to their column bases. The paper presents a rocking damage‐free steel column base, which uses post‐tensioned high‐strength steel bars to control rocking behavior and friction devices to dissipate seismic energy. Contrary to conventional steel column bases, the rocking column base exhibits monotonic and cyclic moment–rotation behaviors that are easily described using simple analytical equations. Analytical equations are provided for different cases including structural limit states that involve yielding or loss of post‐tensioning in the post‐tensioned bars. A step‐by‐step design procedure is presented, which ensures damage‐free behavior, self‐centering capability, and adequate energy dissipation capacity for a predefined target rotation. A 3D nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the column base is developed in abaqus . The results of the FE simulations validate the accuracy of the moment–rotation analytical equations and demonstrate the efficiency of the design procedure. Moreover, a simplified model for the column base is developed in OpenSees . Comparisons among the OpenSees and abaqus models demonstrate the efficiency of the former and its adequacy to be used in nonlinear dynamic analysis. A prototype steel building is designed as a self‐centering moment‐resisting frame with conventional or rocking column bases. Nonlinear dynamic analyses show that the rocking column base fully protects the first story columns from yielding and eliminates the first story residual drift without any detrimental effect on peak interstory drifts. The study focuses on the 2D rocking motion and, thus, ignores 3D rocking effects such as biaxial bending deformations in the friction devices. The FE models, the analytical equations, and the design procedure will be updated and validated to cover 3D rocking motion effects after forthcoming experimental tests on the column base. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of RC slab–beam–column sub‐assemblages subjected to bidirectional lateral cyclic loading using a new 3D macroelement

An existing two‐dimensional macroelement for reinforced concrete beam–column joints is extended to a three‐dimensional macroelement. The three‐dimensional macroelement for beam–column joints consists of six rigid interface plates and uniaxial springs for concrete, steel, and bond–slip, which model the inside of a beam–column joint. The mechanical models for the materials and the stiffness equation for the springs are also presented. To validate the model, we used test results from three slab–beam–column sub‐assemblages subjected to bi‐lateral cyclic load. It is revealed that the new joint model is capable of capturing the strength of beam–column joints and the bidirectional interaction in joint shear response, including the concentration of damage in the beam–column joint, the pinching nature in hysteretic behavior, the stiffness degradation, and strength deterioration resulting from cyclic and bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

固原重塑黄土动力特性共振柱试验研究

利用GCTS共振柱测试仪研究了干密度和固结压力对固原黄土重塑土动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响及试验数据误差的基本规律。通过设计不同工况的试验条件,对比分析结果表明:相同含水率条件下,最大动剪切模量G_(dmax)随固结压力和干密度的增大而增大。相同干密度条件下,黄土的动剪切模量比随围压的增大而增大;阻尼比随围压的增大而减小;相同围压条件下,黄土动剪切模量比随干密度的增大而增大,阻尼比随干密度的增大而减小;不同剪应变特征点的动剪切模量比和阻尼比试验数据呈现一定的离散性,且离散程度阻尼比明显高于动剪切模量比。研究成果可为该地区场地地震反应分析及工程建设提供基础资料。