江苏扬中长江漫滩沉积物重金属垂向分布特征及其背景值确定方法

对扬中长江漫滩柱状沉积物Cd、Pb、Cu、N i、Cr、Zn重金属垂向变化特征分析,表层20 cm以上,重金属含量普遍较高,表明了人类活动对长江重金属输入量呈现日益增加的趋势。通过重金属与Fe元素作线性回归方程,求得重金属的背景含量。相比而言,表层沉积物重金属含量反映了长江滩涂沉积物已经呈现明显的污染趋势。     

Spatiotemporal variations of internal P-loading and the related mechanisms in the large shallow Lake Chaohu

Spatiotemporal variations of P species and adsorption behavior in water column, interstitial water, and sediments were investigated in the large shallow eutrophic Lake Chaohu. Ortho-phosphate (Ortho-P) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were significantly higher in the western part than in the eastern part of the lake, due to different nutrient inputs from the surrounding rivers. Moreover, paniculate phosphorus (PP) concentration was in a similar spatial pattern to Ortho-P and TP concentrations, and also showed significantly positive correlation with the biomass of Microcystis, indicating more uptake and store of phosphorus by Microcystis than by other algae. Increase of pH and intensive utilization of P by phytoplankton were the main factors promoting P (especially Fe-P) release from the sediment to interstitial water during the cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu. Spatial dynamics in TP concentration, P species and adsorption behavior of the sediment, coupled with the statistical analyses, suggested that the spatial heterogeneity of P contents in the sediment was influenced by various factors, e.g. human activities, soil geochemistry and mineral composition. In spite of similar TP contents in the sediments, increase in proportion of Fe-P concentration in the sediment may result in a high risk of P release.     

Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations --Ⅰ： Theory

In this paper, wind-induced vibration control of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge with a multi- stage pendulum mass damper （MSPMD） is investigated. Special attention is given to overcoming space limitations for installing the control device in the tower and the effect of varying natural frequency of the towers during construction. First, the finite element model of the bridge during its construction and the basic equation of motion of the MSPMD are introduced. The equation of motion of the bridge with the MSPMD under along-wind excitation is then established. Finally, a numerical simulation and parametric study are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the control system for reducing the wind-induced vibration of the bridge towers during construction. The numerical simulation results show that the MSPMD is practical and effective for reducing the along-wind response of the single column tower, can be installed in a small area of the tower, and complies with the time-variant characteristics of the bridge during its entire construction stage.     

Experimental investigation of conditions of lateral shear reinforcements in RC columns accompanied by buckling of longitudinal bars

This study presents a cyclic load test of four RC columns to obtain data on stresses and strains on lateral shear‐reinforcing bars that contact buckled longitudinal reinforcing bars. The specimens include columns laterally jacketed with all‐elastic fibre‐reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. The buckling lengths and modes in the longitudinal bars of the four column specimens stabilized at a buckling deflection (= lateral deformation of buckled longitudinal bar) from 0.3 to 0.6 mm. The yield portion ratio r_by of shear reinforcement around the buckled longitudinal bars was introduced as an index of the development of buckling conditions. Here, the yield portion ratio r_by was defined as the ratio of the length of the region where the shear reinforcements yield l_by, to the buckling length l_b. The r_by values of the tested columns ranged from 0.45 to 0.76. The test results show that the buckling stress and the specific compressive stress of the longitudinal bars in the columns were smaller than those of the bare bars. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Indoor experiment and numerical simulation study of ammonia-nitrogen migration rules in soil column

The riverbank soil is a natural purifying agent for the polluted river water(Riverbank filtration, RBF). This is of great importance to groundwater safety along the riverbank. This paper examines the migration and transformation rules of ammonia-nitrogen in three typical types of sand soil using the indoor leaching experiment of soil column, and then makes comparison with the indoor experiment results in combination with the numerical simulation method. The experiment process shows that the change in ammonia-nitrogen concentration goes through three stages including "removal-water saturation-saturation". As the contents of clay particles in soil sample increase, the removal of ammonia-nitrogen from soil sample will take more time and gain higher ratio. During the removal period, the removal ratio of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 averages 68.8%(1-12 d), 74.6%(1-22 d) and 91.1%(1-26 d). The ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio shows no noticeable change as the depth of soil columns varies. But it is found that the ammonia-nitrogen removal ratio is the least of the whole experiment when the soil columns are at the depth of 15 cm. It can be preliminary inferred that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water mainly depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil. HYDRUS-1D model is used to simulate this experiment process, analyze the change of the bottom observation holes by time and depth in three columns(the tenth day), and make comparison with the experiment result. The coefficients of determination for fitting curves of Column 1, Column 2 and Column 3 are 0.953, 0.909, 0.882 and 0.955, 0.740, 0.980 separately. Besides, this paper examines the contribution of absorption, mineralization and nitrification in the simulation process. In the early removal stage, mineralization plays a dominant role and the maximum contribution rate of mineralization is 99%. As time goes by, absorption starts to function and gradually assumes a dominant position. In the middle and late removal stage, nitrification in Column 1 and Column 2 makes more contribution than mineralization. So the experiment result of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration is 0.6% and 2.4% lower than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -4.53% and -5.10% respectively when only the function of absorption is considered. The mineralization in Column 1 and Column 2 in the middle and late removal stage still plays a more important role than nitrification. So the experiment result is 1.4% higher than that in effluent and the maximum contribution ratio of nitrification is -2.51% when only the function of absorption is considered. Therefore, absorption, mineralization and nitrification make different contributions during different part of the stage. This means that the natural purifying performance of soil along the river for ammonia-nitrogen in river water not only depends on the proportion of fine particles in soil, but depends on the mineralization and nitrification environment. This can offer some insights into the protection and recovery of groundwater along the riverbank.     

OMI-TOMS与OMI-DOAS臭氧柱总量产品在中国地区的比较

臭氧是十分重要的痕量气体,它具有活跃的化学反应特性和较强的辐射特性,直接影响全球气候变化和人类的生活环境,因此,获得准确的臭氧柱浓度信息十分重要。搭载在AURA上的OMI探测仪可以测量大气中的臭氧含量,其获得的臭氧产品有两种,一个是基于TOMS V8算法反演得到的OMI-TOMS产品,另一个是由DOAS算法得到的OMI-DOAS产品。本文首先分析了两种算法产品的统计特征,结果表明两者具有较好的一致性;其次,分别分析了两种算法与像元位置的关系,在不受行异常现象影响的像元处,两种算法均不受像元位置的影响;此外,本文还研究了云和太阳天顶角对两种算法的影响,有云时两者的差异更大,云量在70%时两者的差异最大,而且,当有云存在时,两者的偏差随着太阳天顶角的增加而增加。平流层SO_2和吸收性气溶胶对两种算法没有显著影响。     

双线偏振多普勒雷达对一次降雹超级单体发展减弱阶段的演变分析

2015年4月28日,在高空冷涡的天气背景下,一个伴有较长生命史中气旋的超级单体在上海南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达观测范围内经历了发展减弱阶段,并产生了冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等灾害性天气。利用常规天气观测、南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达、双雷达反演风场等资料分析发现,超级单体在发展成熟阶段呈现出回波悬垂、低层入流缺口、中气旋以及三体散射等经典特征,以及表示雷暴处于发展加强阶段的差分反射率因子柱。差分反射率因子柱通常意味着雷暴中上升气流的加强,同时说明大量的水滴可以被强上升气流托举到0℃层以上,形成过冷水滴,从而有利于冰雹的形成。超级单体经过的区域0～6 km垂直风切变达到了22～26 m·s~(-1),强垂直风切变环境有利于水平涡度发展,南汇雷达观测范围内中气旋维持了100 min左右,有利于雷暴的发展维持。此外,基于模糊逻辑法对此次降雹强对流天气过程开展了相态识别,结果表明,模糊逻辑法对此次强对流天气过程中的冰雹、降水等不同性质的降水能够进行有效的识别,有助于对雷暴降水相态本质的认识。     

山东霄云煤矿陷落柱突水治理实践

突水是矿山的主要灾害之一,矿井突水一般来势凶猛,常会在短时间内淹没坑道,给矿山生产带来危害,造成人员伤亡。在富水的岩溶水充水的矿区及顶底板有较厚高压含水层分布的矿山区,在构造破碎的地段,常易发生矿井突水。但只要查明水文地质条件,采取措施,矿井突水是可以预防和治理的。山东霄云煤矿1313工作面突水水量大,而工作面无钻孔,两顺槽掘进中发现的9条断层也不导水,判断不是钻孔、断层导水。突水事故发生后,通过水位、水温及水质化验分析,确定为奥灰水,导水通道为隐伏陷落柱。通过对突水点进行盖帽封堵、对突水通道进行注浆封堵,有效地封堵了过水通道,并满足了《煤矿防治水细则》的要求。     

碎石桩复合地基大变形非线性固结模型

基于分段线性差分法,建立了一种碎石桩复合地基大变形非线性固结模型SC1。该模型可以进行等应力和等应变条件下桩土复合地基固结分析,同时能够考虑涂抹区、井阻、桩土自重、变荷载,以及固结过程中桩土参数的非线性变化和大变形问题,并编制了 Fortran 计算程序。分别采用基于等应变假设的桩土复合地基解析解和室内试验数据验证了模型的正确性,小变形条件下,该模型数值解与有无井阻及涂抹区的桩土复合地基解析解均能较好吻合;大变形非线性条件下,模型计算结果与室内试验数据基本一致。采用该模型预测实际工程,随固结时间延长,模型等应力与等应变的沉降量计算值相差逐渐增大,现场实测值介于等应力和等应变条件下模型计算结果之间。     

橡胶集料风积沙混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究橡胶集料风积沙混凝土柱的抗震性能,制作了4根相同尺寸的混凝土柱试件,其中包括普通混凝土柱、风积沙混凝土柱、橡胶集料混凝土柱和橡胶集料风积沙混凝土柱。通过低周反复荷载试验,分析各试件的破坏现象、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化和延性等抗震性能指标。在试验的基础上,根据能量耗散原理建立累积损伤评价模型,并对结构进行了累积损伤分析。研究结果表明:10%橡胶集料的掺入能够改善混凝土柱的变形能力,但混凝土柱的承载力有所降低;30%风积沙的掺入可以改善混凝土柱的抗震性能;橡胶集料风积沙混凝土柱具有较好的滞回性能,且耗能能力和延性性能明显高于其余试件,柱的抗震性能得到提高;通过累积损伤分析表明:适量掺入橡胶集料和风积沙的可以有效减缓试件的损伤,且该累积损伤模型能够较好的反映出各试件的损伤程度。