现浇楼板对框架梁受力影响的研究

为了寻找现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构在实际震害中出现的与“强柱弱梁”设计准则相悖的“强梁弱柱”破坏现象产生的原因．并深入研究现浇楼板对框架梁实际承载力产生“超强”影响的方式,采用ABAQUS对钢筋混凝土带楼板框架和空框架结构进行了侧向力作用下的非线性有限元模拟。通过对比塑性铰出现顺序、钢筋的应力应变变化、框架梁端曲率变化和考察带楼板框架中楼板钢筋的应力变化情况。提出楼板有效翼缘宽度的取值应考虑横向梁刚度和侧向位移等因素的影响。     

利用微动勘察方法探测煤矿陷落柱

陷落柱是危害煤矿安全生产的主要因素之一,如何有效探测陷落柱是实现煤矿安全、高效生产的当务之急.本文首次将微动勘察方法应用于煤矿采区勘探,结果表明,该方法对陷落柱异常区反映敏感.在山西潞安漳村煤矿2002工作面测区已知陷落柱上,无论是单点反演获得的S波速度结构,还是微动视S波速度剖面,均能清晰显示陷落柱.微动剖面确定的陷落柱位置与巷道揭露位置一致,边界误差在10 m左右.微动勘察方法是探测陷落柱的一种行之有效的物探方法,由于其分辨率高、无需人工源、野外施工方法灵活便捷、不受施工场地限制等特点,对探测村庄覆盖区之下的煤层构造、圈定陷落柱等,具有得天独厚的技术优势和应用前景.     

Evaluation of performance of non‐invasive upgrade strategy for beam–column sub‐assemblages of poorly designed structures under seismic type loading

Beam–column sub‐assemblages are the one of the most vulnerable structural elements to the seismic loading and may lead to devastating consequences. In order to improve the performance of the poorly/under‐designed building structures to the critical loading scenarios, introduction of steel bracing at the RC beam–column joint is found to be one of the modern and implementable techniques. In the present work, a diagonal metallic single haunch/bracing system is introduced at the beam–column joints to provide an alternate load path and to protect the joint zone from extensive damage because of brittle shear failure. In this paper, an investigation is reported on the evaluation of tae influence of different parameters, such as angle of inclination, location of bracing and axial stiffness of the single steel bracing on improving the performance through altering the force transfer mechanism. Numerical investigations on the performance of the beam–column sub‐assemblages have been carried out under cyclic loading using non‐linear finite element analysis. Experimentally validated numerical models (both GLD and upgraded specimen) have been further used for evaluating the performance of various upgrade schemes. Cyclic behaviour of reinforcement, concrete modelling based on fracture energy, bond‐slip relations between concrete and steel reinforcement have been incorporated. The study also includes the numerical investigation of crack and failure patterns, ultimate load carrying capacity, load displacement hysteresis, energy dissipation and ductility. The findings of the present study would be helpful to the engineers to develop suitable, feasible and efficient upgrade schemes for poorly designed structures under seismic loading. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of column size for displacement‐based design of reinforced concrete frame buildings

This article reports a method to determine the storey‐wise column size for displacement‐based design of reinforced concrete frame buildings with a wide range of storey drift and building plan. The method uses a computer program based algorithm. The basic relation used in the algorithm is formulated by considering the various possible deformation components involved in the overall frame deformation. As a necessity to represent the deformation component due to plastic rotation of beam members, a relation between the beam plastic rotation and the target‐drift is adopted. To control the dynamic amplification of interstorey drift, a target‐drift dependant design‐drift reduction factor is used. The dynamic amplification of column moment is accounted with the help of an approximate conversion of fundamental period of the building from the effective period of the equivalent SDOF system. To avoid the formation of plastic hinge in column members, a design‐drift dependant column–beam moment capacity ratio is used. The method successfully determines the storey‐wise column size for buildings of four plans of different varieties, heights up to 12 storeys and target‐drift up to 3%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic design and testing of the bottom vertical boundary elements in steel plate shear walls. Part 2: experimental studies

This paper describes an experiment to investigate the seismic design and responses of the bottom column, also called the bottom vertical boundary element (VBE), in steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). The main objectives of this experiment include validating the effectiveness of the design method developed in the companion paper, investigating the experimental performance of VBEs under large interstory drifts, and calibrating analytical models for earthquake engineering of SPSWs. Three full‐scale two‐story SPSWs were cyclically tested at the Taiwan National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in 2011. Test results and numerical simulations confirm that the proposed design procedures are effective in predicting the plastic zone forming elevation in the lower half of the bottom VBE and the occurrence of yielding at the VBE's top end. Test results show that the premature yielding occurring at the top end of a bottom VBE would result in a deformation concentration at the bottom of SPSWs. In addition, lateral torsional buckling could take place on the bottom VBE after significant plastic rotations have developed at the top end. Test results suggest that preventing the VBE's top end from yielding is the key issue in the seismic design of SPSWs, and the proposed method can be effectively adopted to achieve this objective. Furthermore, the inelastic responses of the SPSW specimens were satisfactorily simulated by using detailed finite shell elements or simplified frame response analysis models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rocking instability of free-standing statues atop slender viscoelastic columns under ground motion

The highly complex rocking response of free-standing statues atop multi-drum columns underground excitation resulting in insuperable difficulties for obtaining reliable solution is reexamined analytically. This is achieved after simulating the columns by monolithic viscoelastic cantilevers having structural damping, based on experiments, equivalent to the energy dissipation due to impact and sliding of multi-drum columns. Subsequently, the conditions of rocking (overturning) instability of free-standing rigid blocks (representing the statues) after their uplift from the top surface of the laterally vibrating cantilevers, are established, including overturning with or without impact. Attention focuses on the minimum amplitude ground acceleration which leads to an escaped motion through the vanishing of the angular velocity and acceleration. Maximization of such a minimum amplitude (implying stabilization) of the rigid block is obtained by seeking the optimum combination of values of the slenderness ratio of the column and its height. Analytically derived results based on linearised analyses are in excellent agreement with those obtained via nonlinear numerical analyses.     

Simulation of soil–foundation–structure interaction of Hualien large-scale seismic test using dynamic centrifuge test

Understanding the soil–structure interaction (SSI) mechanism is crucial in the seismic design of nuclear power plant (NPP) containment systems. Although the numerical analysis method is generally used in seismic design, there is a need for experimental verification for the reliable estimation of SSI behavior. In this study a dynamic centrifuge test was performed to simulate the SSI behavior of a Hualien large-scale seismic test (LSST) during the Chi-Chi earthquake. To simulate the soil profile and dynamic soil properties of the Hualien site, a series of resonant column (RC) tests was performed to determine the model soil preparation conditions, such as the compaction density and the ratio of soil–gravel contents. The variations in the shear wave velocity (V_S) profiles of the sand, gravel, and backfill layers in the model were estimated using the RC test results. During the centrifuge test, the V_S profiles of the model were evaluated using in-flight bender element tests and compared with the in-situ V_S profile at Hualien. The containment building model was modeled using aluminum and the proper scaling laws. A series of dynamic centrifuge tests was performed with a 1/50 scale model using the base motion recorded during the Chi-Chi-earthquake. In the soil layer and foundation level, the centrifuge test results were similar to the LSST data in both the time and frequency domains, but there were differences in the structure owing to the complex structural response as well as the material damping difference between the concrete in the prototype and aluminum in the model. In addition, as the input base motion amplitude was increased to a maximum value of 0.4g (prototype scale), the responses of the soil and containment model were measured. This study shows the potential of utilizing dynamic centrifuge tests as an experimental modeling tool for site specific SSI analyses of soil–foundation–NPP containment system.     

山西黄土动剪切模量与阻尼比试验研究

土的动剪切模量与阻尼比作为土动力特性研究的重要参数,一直备受关注。为了研究山西地区黄土的动力特性,对山西某土石坝坝基黄土进行了共振柱与动三轴试验,获得了在较大应变范围内的动剪切模量与阻尼比试验数据。试验结果表明,山西黄土动剪切模量与阻尼比均显著受初始含水率影响,其归一化的动剪切模量能够用修正的Hardin模型进行拟合,并给出了相关参数;阻尼比可以采用本文建议的公式进行拟合,拟合效果良好。最后,采用经验公式确定了不同围压下的最大动剪切模量的参数。     

Experimental research on behavior of 460 MPa high strength steel I-section columns under cyclic loading

To investigate the seismic behavior of I-section columns made of 460 MPa high strength steel(HSS), six specimens were tested under constant axial load and cyclic horizontal load. The specimens were designed with different width-to-thickness ratios and loaded under different axial load ratios. For each specimen, the failure mode was observed and hysteretic curve was measured. Comparison of different specimens on hysteretic characteristic, energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity were further investigated. Test results showed that the degradation of bearing capacity was due to local buckling of flange and web. Under the same axial load ratio, as width-to-thickness ratio increased, the deformation area of local buckling became smaller. And also, displacement level at both peak load and failure load became smaller. In addition, the full extent of hysteretic curve, energy dissipation capacity, ultimate story drift angle decreased, and capacity degradation occurred more rapidly with the increase of width-to-thickness ratio or axial load ratio. Based on the capacity of story drift angle, limiting values which shall not be exceeded are suggested respectively for flange and web plate of 460 MPa HSS I-section columns when used in SMFs and in IMFs in the case of axial load ratio no more than 0.2. Such values should be smaller when the axial load ratio increases.     

垃圾填埋场毛细阻滞型腾发封顶模型试验

作为替代型垃圾填埋场封顶,毛细阻滞型腾发封顶具有诸多优点,但目前主要在欧美干旱、半干旱地区使用,对其在湿润气候区工作性能的研究较少。选用低塑性粉质黏土和砾砂作为填料,在杭州市一露天环境构筑模型土柱并培育植被,量测自然降雨、蒸发和植被蒸腾作用下土柱透水量、地表径流量和各深度含水率变化,探讨毛细阻滞型腾发封顶的工作机制。试验历时15个月,得到该封顶在降雨高峰期、晴热高温期、台风影响期和冬季阴冷期等时段的响应。试验结果表明,降雨和腾发作用下粉质黏土含水率变化较大,底部砾砂中也有较小幅度干湿循环,腾发可在整个封顶土层范围内起作用;当粉质黏土底部达到饱和,砾砂含水率接近4%时底部有水透出,此时该封顶暂时失效,后随水汽运移毛细阻滞界面功能恢复,该封顶仍能正常工作;试验过程中,降雨总量为1 782.6 mm,共产生地表径流为53.08 mm,透水为19.64 mm,其他降水均在土层吸持与腾发交替作用下最终返回大气,在试验期间该封顶能有效地阻止降雨入渗。