Chemical characteristics of groundwater around two massive sulphide deposits in an area of previous mining contamination, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain

A detailed chemical study of groundwater was carried out to elucidate the processes controlling the oxidation and dissolution of sulphide minerals at two massive sulphide deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), i.e. the mined La Zarza deposit and the unmined Masa Valverde deposit. It was found that major-element compositions varied according to the hydrological regime, La Zarza being in a relatively high area with groundwater recharge (and disturbance due to the human factor) and Masa Valverde being in a relatively low area with groundwater discharge. The variations mainly concern pH, Eh, SO₄ and Na concentrations. Metal concentrations were determined (a) by ICP-MS after filtration, and (b) in some cases by voltammetric measurement of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Mn using the Voltammetric In situ Profiling (VIP) System, which allows detection of only the mobile fractions of trace elements (i.e., free metal ions and small labile complexes a few nanometers in size). If one compares the results obtained by each of the two methods, it would appear that the groundwater shows significant enhancement of metal solubility through complexing with organic matter and/or adsorption onto colloids and/or small particles. In areas of sulphide oxidation, however, this solubility enhancement decreases according to Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb. Under very low redox conditions, the attained metal concentrations can be several orders of magnitude (up to 10⁸–10⁹ for Cu and 10²–10³ for Pb) larger than those expected from equilibrium with respect to sulphide minerals as calculated with the EQ3NR geochemical code; Zn concentrations, however, are close to equilibrium with respect to sphalerite. The implication of these results is discussed with respect both to mineral exploration and to environmental issues.     

城市地下管线三维建模关键技术研究

随着城市地下管线信息化管理、表达和应用从二维向三维延伸,本文结合武汉市地下管线三维模型建设工作,在开展了大量研究与实践的基础上,针对地下管线三维建模的高精度自动化、局部更新快速化和地上地下一体化等关键技术提出了一些新的方法与思路,为国内其他城市开展类似工作提供了参考。     

济阳坳陷古桩西断层的发现及其对桩西潜山 形成的影响

北西向断层是济阳坳陷成生较早的重要的控盆断裂,并对后期构造的产生具有重要的影响。本文在济阳坳陷桩西潜山地区三维地震资料精细解译的基础上,识别出了一条北西向断层,将其命名为古桩西断层,并分析了该断层的叠加改造过程和改造方式,以及对桩西潜山形成的影响。研究结果表明：古桩西断层经历了印支期挤压逆冲、燕山期中期负反转,燕山末期正反转和喜马拉雅期再次负反转,最终被分割成5条独立活动的断层;古桩西断层的叠加改造方式有直接反转、通过应变硬化带反转和被断层错段3种方式;古桩西断层的长期活动控制着北西向桩西潜山的形成以及次一级近南北向雁列状潜山的产生。     

Ovalization of steel energy pipelines buried in saturated sands during ground deformations

Cross-sectional ovalization of buried steel pipes subjected to bending moment induced by end displacements is discussed. A three dimensional finite element analysis was conducted employing Abaqus/CAE. The pipe was simulated using 3D shell elements while the saturated sand soil medium was simulated by employing discrete nonlinear springs along the pipeline. The effects of normalized burial depth (H/D), diameter to wall thickness ratio (D/t), sand density and level of the internal pressure on the ovalization are investigated, and resulting ovalization distribution with respect to bending moment at critical sections is presented. The results of this study enable simple one dimensional finite element models to consider geometrical cross-sectional nonlinearities in the analysis of buried pipelines.     

钎探法探测部分非金属管线中心位置和埋深的探讨

城市地下空间规划中,地下管线的新建和维护是很重要的环节,这都需要知道地下管线的准确位置,因此管线探测必不可少。在管线探测中,非金属管线的探测是比较困难的。论述了使用钎探法探测硬质大管径非金属管线,快速准确确定管线中心位置及中心顶部埋深的方法,推导出计算公式并编写了相应的软件,在实际工程中取得应用,快速而有效地解决了硬质大管径非金属管线探测的问题。     

管线渗漏异常探地雷达数据的电场分量成像分析

探地雷达（GPR）是管线渗漏探测的有效方法,但是当地下介质分布较为复杂时,难以直接从GPR数据剖面图中准确识别出渗漏异常区。为此,针对渗漏异常区含水量高的特点,根据反射波系数与介电常数的关系,提出了GPR数据的电场分量成像技术。利用时间域有限差分法（FDTD）模拟了不同介电参数的地质模型在GPR中的电磁波响应,由正演模拟结果可知分界面两侧介质的介电常数差异性越大反射波能量越强。最后将GPR数据的电场分量成像技术应用于某工业区管道渗漏探测中。试验结果表明,管道渗漏异常区在电场分量图谱中表现为高幅值区。     

山区天然气管道—滑坡体系下花管微型桩与螺纹微型桩支护性能对比试验

山区天然气管道工程难免会遭遇滑坡等地质灾害的影响,这给穿越滑坡区域的沿线管道的安全运营造成严重威胁。文章以中贵天然气管道K558+700滑坡为工程背景,通过室内大型物理模型试验,研究对比花管微型桩与螺纹微型桩两种新型支挡结构在管道滑坡中的支护机理及适用性。试验表明：（1）花管微型桩山侧及河侧峰值土压力沿桩深分布形式基本相似,大体呈“S”曲线形,桩后土体土拱效应明显,且在各级荷载下分布形式大致保持一致,总体来说花管桩侧土压力分布规律为桩中最大,桩顶次之,桩底最小;滑带附近的桩体周围土压力较大,在抗滑桩设计工作中应重点考虑优化。（2）螺纹桩山侧峰值土压力沿桩深分布图大体呈双“S”曲线形,河侧峰值土压力相比山侧分布形式产生了较大差异,桩底的土压力相比山侧有很大幅度减小;随外部荷载的增加桩周土压力增加幅度较大,表明螺纹微型桩在横向承载性能方面有所欠缺。（3）花管桩桩身弯矩沿深度方向呈“M”形分布,桩身离模拟滑面以上5 cm位置处产生最大正弯矩;螺纹桩桩身弯矩分布沿深度方向呈“S”形,桩体正负弯矩位置在模拟滑面附近大致呈旋转对称分布,滑面以上大部分区段为负弯矩,滑面以下为正弯矩;在相同推力荷载工况下,螺纹微型桩变形程度大于花管微型桩。（4）在滑坡作用下花管微型桩可以有效减小传递到管道的坡体应力,在一定程度上预防管道受力破坏;而螺纹桩在较大横向荷载下抗弯性能不足,变形严重,破坏后不能有效承担滑坡推力,传递到桩前管道的应力较大,从而导致管道变形程度更为强烈。在本试验条件下,花管微型桩对管道的保护效益突出,更适用于作为管道—滑坡区域的支挡结构。     

生命线工程的防震减灾——以新疆某输油气管道为例

生命线工程作为国家重要基础设施,对保障国家公共安全、维持社会稳定、促进国民经济发展至关重要。我国是一个地震多发、震灾严重的国家,输油气管道作为国家社会经济发展命脉的重要工程之一,其地震安全性越来越受到重视。本文以新疆某输油气管道的地震安全性评价为例,阐述了历史地震灾害调查、地质构造调查、活动断裂抗断评价和地震地质灾害评价等工作,最后给出工程抗震设防参数,并对减轻长输油气管道的地震灾害提出展望。     

浅埋集输油管线拟稳态温度场及热工计算

从二维相变热传导方程出发，应用保角变换将研究区域规整化，在热力等效原理基础上导出冬季冻结期输油管拟稳态温度公式，并由此给出保温隔热层厚度，管线散热量，管道轴向温降，管道上部最大冻深，冻结速率，系统热阻热工公式。     

A simplified analysis model for determining the seismic response of buried steel pipes at strike-slip fault crossings

The seismic response analysis of buried pipelines at fault crossings is a complex problem requiring nonlinear 3D soil-structure and large deformation analyses. Such analyses are computationally expensive and the results are hard to evaluate. Therefore, a simple numerical model is needed for engineering and design offices to determine the seismic demand of steel pipes at fault crossings. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for buried steel pipes crossing strike-slip faults and oriented perpendicular to the fault. Two pipes with different diameter to thickness (D/t) ratios and steel grades are used in the study. The proposed model permits plastic hinge formations in the pipe due to incrementally applied fault movements, allows determination of the critical length of the pipeline and measure strains developed on the tension and compression sides in the pipe. The model also considers the effect of bending as well as axial strains due to stretching.