生物酶改良膨胀土的修正殷宗泽模型

以描述生物酶改良膨胀土的应力?应变关系为研究目的,提出基于生物酶掺量的修正殷宗泽模型。开展了一系列三轴排水剪切试验。对不同生物酶掺量下改良膨胀土的弹性形变演化规律进行了分析,同时研究了生物酶掺量与剪切压缩、剪切膨胀相关的屈服面形状的演化规律,以及与破坏线方程的演化规律。在此基础上分析了生物酶掺量对殷宗泽模型的参数影响规律。引入生物酶掺量作为修正殷宗泽模型的修正因子,最终对殷宗泽模型进行了修正。研究结果表明：生物酶能有效地提高改良膨胀土的力学性能,修正殷宗泽模型能够很好地描述生物酶改良膨胀土的土体本构关系。对比修正殷宗泽模型的理论计算值与试验值,两者具有很高的吻合度,且修正殷宗泽模型的参数确定方法与殷宗泽模型参数确定方法相同。     

扬子地块东缘新元古代造山后构造转化:瓮安穹隆构造岩石与年代学限定

扬子地块Rodinian造山后向伸展作用转化的过程与时间,一直是扬子地块新元古代构造演化的重要科学问题。扬子地块东南瓮安穹隆保存了新元古界板溪群至南华系的完整地层层序与角度不整合接触关系,是回答和理解新元古代造山后构造转化问题的理想区域。对新元古代浅变质板溪群沉积岩和南华纪南沱组沉积层序进行了调查,并采取系列样品进行碎屑锆石U-Pb定年分析和岩石地球化学分析。野外调查表明,南华纪南沱组角度不整合于板溪群之上;年代学分析结果表明,板溪群的沉积时代应在772 Ma之前,而南华纪南沱组沉积时代晚于691 Ma。瓮安穹隆新元古代板溪群沉积岩SiO₂含量中等,SiO₂/Al₂O₃平均值为5.53,K₂O/Na₂O平均值为7.14,TFeO+MgO平均值为3.47%。板溪群物源可能来自上地壳,原岩以长英质物源为主,为活动大陆边缘构造背景,其物源主要来自扬子地块西缘。南沱组沉积岩样品SiO₂含量中等,SiO₂/Al₂O₃平均值为4.69,K₂O/Na₂O平均值为20.41,TFeO+MgO含量平均值为6.64%;碎屑沉积岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线与上陆壳相似,以轻稀土富集、显著的铕负异常和重稀土平坦为特征。南沱组沉积岩物源可能来自上地壳,原岩以长英质物源为主,有少量中性岩混入,具有裂谷背景特征。综上所述,认为瓮安穹隆板溪群—南沱组地层层序代表了从造山作用向造山后伸展裂谷转化过程,其中板溪群可能与碰撞造山作用对应,主体约在772 Ma结束,而造山后裂谷的形成在691 Ma之后,因此,从造山作用向造山后伸展转化的时间大约为772~691 Ma。     

浅谈古日郭尔台地区的找矿前景

工作区位于位于内蒙古自治区扎赉特旗阿尔本格勒镇西8公里,隶属于阿尔本格勒镇管辖。古日郭尔台铜银矿点位于古日郭尔台村北东2 km处,位于穆家沟-哈尔朝楚北东向断裂与次级北西向断裂交汇处,矿体赋存于燕山期花岗闪长岩体内断层破碎带中,矿化与后期侵入石英脉关系密切。     

CO2地质封存中储层流体压力演化规律的解析模型

为使解析模型可以更加科学准确地描述储层中多相流体的迁移机制与压力演化规律,提高解析计算与分析的精度。首先将储层中的流场划分为3个区域,然后根据渗流体积守恒方程反演储层中两相流体混合渗流区的各相流体饱和度,进而将总流度直接引入到达西公式中得到了一个适用于两相流的广义达西公式,据此推导出了一个更为精确的表征储层流体压力演化规律的解析模型。最后,通过案例分析,将该解析模型的计算结果与既有文献的显式积分解及TOUGH2/ECO2N的数值解进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性及相比于既有文献的显式积分解在计算精度方面的优越性。此外,计算结果也表明,该解析模型虽然是在稳态流的假定条件下得到的,但对于实际储层流体压力演化的全过程均具有很强的表征能力,这主要归因于该模型可科学准确地确定饱和度,因此,可以在工程中推广应用。     

Constraints on the mineralization processes of the Makeng iron deposit,eastern China: Fluid inclusion,H–O isotope and magnetite trace element analysis

The Makeng iron deposit is located in the Yong’an-Meizhou depression belt in Fujian Province, eastern China. Both skarn alteration and iron mineralization are mainly hosted within middle Carboniferous-lower Permian limestone. Five paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized: Stage 1, early skarn (andradite–grossular assemblage); Stage 2, magnetite mineralization (diopside–magnetite assemblage); Stage 3, late skarn (amphibole–chlorite–epidote–johannsenite–hedenbergite–magnetite assemblage); Stage 4, sulfide mineralization (quartz–calcite–fluorite–chlorite–pyrite–galena–sphalerite assemblage); and Stage 5, carbonate (quartz–calcite assemblage). Fluid inclusion studies were carried out on inclusions in diopside from Stage 2 and in quartz, calcite, and fluorite from Stage 4.Halite-bearing (Type 1) and coexisting two-phase vapor-rich aqueous (Type 3) inclusions in the magnetite stage display homogenization temperatures of 448–564 °C and 501–594 °C, respectively. Salinities range from 26.5 to 48.4 and 2.4 to 6.9 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Two-phase liquid-rich aqueous (Type 2b) inclusions in the sulfide stage yield homogenization temperatures and salinities of 182–343 °C and 1.9–20.1 wt% NaCl equivalent. These fluid inclusion data indicate that fluid boiling occurred during the magnetite stage and that fluid mixing took place during the sulfide stage. The former triggered the precipitation of magnetite, and the latter resulted in the deposition of Pb, Zn, and Fe sulfides. The fluids related to magnetite mineralization have δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of 6.7–9.6‰ and δD of −96 to −128‰, which are interpreted to indicate residual magmatic water from magma degassing. In contrast, the fluids related to the sulfide mineralization show δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of −0.85 to −1.04‰ and δD of −110 to −124‰, indicating that they were generated by the mixing of magmatic water with meteoric water. Magnetite grains from Stage 2 exhibit oscillatory zoning with compositional variations in major elements (e.g., SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and MnO) from core to rim, which is interpreted as a self-organizing process rather than a dissolution-reprecipitation process. Magnetite from Stage 3 replaces or crosscuts early magnetite, suggesting that later hydrothermal fluid overprinted and caused dissolution and reprecipitation of Stage 2 magnetite. Trace element data (e.g., Ti, V, Ca, Al, and Mn) of magnetite from Stages 2 and 3 indicate a typical skarn origin.     

Extension of Haskind's relations to cylindrical wave fields in the context of an interaction theory

The Direct Matrix Method Interaction Theory (IT) proposed by Kagemoto and Yue [1] speeds up the computation of hydrodynamic coefficients for large arrays of bodies when compared to direct calculations using standard Boundary Element Method (BEM) solvers. One of the most computationally expensive parts of the matrix method is the calculation of two hydrodynamic operators, known as Diffraction Transfer Matrix (DTM) and Radiation Characteristics (RC), which describe the way an isolated geometry scatters and radiates waves, respectively. A third operator, called Force Transfer Matrix (FTM), was introduced by McNatt et al. [2] to facilitate the calculation of the forces exerted on the bodies. In this paper, a novel set of relations between the FTM and RC components is obtained using the Kochin functions specific to the cylindrical basis solutions. They extend the classical Haskind's relations, valid with incident plane waves, to the cylindrical components of the scattered and radiated fields. Moreover, an alternative demonstration of the identities is given, which does not rely on the far-field asymptotic representation of the potential. Additional expressions are provided that relate the hydrodynamic coefficients and the RC for isolated bodies as well as for arrays, and numerical checking of the derived mathematical expressions is presented. These new relations can be used to speed up calculation of the hydrodynamic operators required for the use of the IT and to test its accuracy.     

Mapping Vulnerability and Risk of Ghana's Coastline to Sea Level Rise

Coastal erosion and flooding are major threats to coastal dwellers, and the situation is predicted to worsen as a result of the impacts of climate change and associated sea level rise. In order to identify the level of vulnerability of various sections of Ghana's coastline for planning and future hazard management, a coastal vulnerability index approach was adopted for the creation of the relative vulnerability map. The coastal vulnerability variables used include geomorphology, coastal elevation, geology, local subsidence, sea level rise, shoreline change rates, mean tidal range, mean wave height and population density of the coastal areas. Risk factors were assigned to the various variables, and all the factors were combined to calculate the coastal vulnerability for the coastal front of each administrative district along the coast. The outcome was used to produce a vulnerability index map of coastal districts in Ghana. The results revealed that parts of the central coast and the eastern coasts of Ghana were the most vulnerable. It was identified that about 50% of the 540km shoreline of Ghana is vulnerable. This assessment will facilitate the long-term adaptation planning and hazard mitigation to inform the management of Ghana's coast.     

The importance of missing strain in Deep Water Fold and Thrust Belts

Deep water fold and thrust belts (DWFTBs) are sedimentary wedges that accommodate plate-scale deformation on both active and passive continental margins. Internally, these wedges consist of individual structures that strongly influence sediment dispersal, bathymetry and fluid migration. Most DWFTB studies investigate basin- and intra-wedge- scale processes using seismic reflection profiles, yet are inherently limited by seismic resolution. Of critical importance is strain distribution and its accommodation on discrete faults compared to distributed deformation. Recent studies have considered strain distribution by investigating regional reflection DWFTBs profiles within coupled systems, which contain down-dip compression and up-dip extension. There is broad agreement of a mis-balance in compression versus extension, with ∼5% excess in the latter associated with horizontal compaction, yet this remains unproven.Using two exceptionally well exposed outcrops in the Spanish Pyrenees we consider deformation of DWFTB at a scale comparable to, and beyond, seismic resolution for the first time. By coupling outcrop observations (decametre to hectometre scale) with a re-evaluation of seismic profiles from the Orange Basin, South Africa, which contains one of the best imaged DWFTBs globally, we provide a unique insight into the deformation from metre to margin scale. Our observations reveal hitherto unrecognised second order structures that account for the majority of the previously recognised missing strain. This re-evaluation implies that ∼5% missing strain should be accounted for in all DWFTBs, therefore existing studies using restorations of the sediment wedge will have underestimated crustal shortening in active margins, or sedimentary shortening in gravity driven systems by this amount. In contrast to previous studies, our observations imply that the majority of this strain is accommodated on discrete fault surfaces and this can explain the occurrence and location of a range of intra-wedge processes that are intimately linked to structures including sediment dispersal, fluid migration pathways and reservoir compartmentalisation.     

Factors contributing to effective management in the Sakuraebi (Sergia lucens) fishery of Donggang,Taiwan

An in-depth assessment was conducted on the functioning of a Taiwanese Sakuraebi (Sergia lucens) fishery management institution to understand the role of leadership in the context of long-term incentive creation. Interviews with relevant stakeholders and statistical analysis of fisheries data indicated that the daily vessel quota system and fishers’ collective efforts to influence the market resulted in increased sales value, while simultaneously allowing for the equitable distribution of benefits from the Sakuraebi fishery in Donggang, Taiwan. Local fishers expressed a high level of satisfaction with the corresponding activities initiated by the fisher's organization. Interview respondents felt that promotional marketing activities led by the organization to enhance domestic consumption were particularly effective, and statistical analysis suggests that these activities helped to reduce the dependency of Taiwanese Sakuraebi fishers on export markets. A notable characteristic of this fishery is that it combines a large-scale sales organization, which enables the exertion of market influence, with a small-sized subsidiary organization for fisheries management. An annually rotating leadership system for managing fishery operations also provides members with the opportunity to share a sense of participation and responsibility, while keeping long-term policy goals. This study reinforces previous findings that leadership, social cohesion, and the nature of the resource are key factors determining the effectiveness and success of fisheries management.     

Attitude Coordination of Multi-HUG Formation Based on Multibody System Theory

Application of multiple hybrid underwater gliders (HUGs) is a promising method for large scale, long-term ocean survey. Attitude coordination has become a requisite for task execution of multi-HUG formation. In this paper, a multibody model is presented for attitude coordination among agents in the HUG formation. The HUG formation is regarded as a multi-rigid body system. The interaction between agents in the formation is described by artificial potential field (APF) approach. Attitude control torque is composed of a conservative torque generated by orientation potential field and a dissipative term related with angular velocity. Dynamic modeling of the multibody system is presented to analyze the dynamic process of the HUG formation. Numerical calculation is carried out to simulate attitude synchronization with two kinds of formation topologies. Results show that attitude synchronization can be fulfilled based on the multibody method described in this paper. It is also indicated that different topologies affect attitude control quality with respect to energy consumption and adjusting time. Low level topology should be adopted during formation control scheme design to achieve a better control effect.