Scale dependent dynamic capillary pressure effect for two-phase flow in porous media

Causes and effects of non-uniqueness in capillary pressure and saturation (P^c–S) relationship in porous media are of considerable concern to researchers of two-phase flow. In particular, a significant amounts of discussion have been generated regarding a parameter termed as dynamic coefficient (τ) which has been proposed for inclusion in the functional dependence of P^c–S relationship to quantify dynamic P^c and its relation with time derivative of saturation. While the dependence of the coefficient on fluid and porous media properties is less controversial, its relation to domain scale appears to be dependent on artefacts of experiments, mathematical models and the intra-domain averaging techniques. In an attempt to establish the reality of the scale dependency of the τ–S relationships, we carry out a series of well-defined laboratory experiments to determine τ–S relationships using three different sizes of cylindrical porous domains of silica sand. In this paper, we present our findings on the scale dependence of τ and its relation to high viscosity ratio (μ_r) silicone oil–water system, where μ_r is defined as the viscosity of non-wetting phase over that of the wetting phase. An order of magnitude increase in the value of τ was observed across various μ_r and domain scales. Also, an order of magnitude increase in τ is observed when τ at the top and the bottom sections in a domain are compared. Viscosity ratio and domain scales are found to have similar effects on the trend in τ–S relationship. We carry out a dimensional analysis of τ which shows how different variables, e.g., dimensionless τ and dimensionless domain volume (scale), may be correlated and provides a means to determine the influences of relevant variables on τ. A scaling relationship for τ was derived from the dimensionless analysis which was then validated against independent literature data. This showed that the τ–S relationships obtained from the literature and the scaling relationship match reasonably well.     

张衡地动仪(2)：史料和考证

Historical data regarding Zhang Heng＇s seismoscope is not singular proof. Actually, the four earliest historical documents, i. e. , Continuation of Historiography of Han Dynasty, Historiography of the Later Han, Book of the Later Han and Ding Record all have relevant records of its structure, size, principle, response to earthquake and actual applications. These five aspects are supported by archaeological research, unearthed cultural relics, historical earthquakes and modern seismological study. These historical materials contain a great deal of specific information about this ancient seismoscope. In conclusion, the authenticity and reliability of Zhang Heng＇s seismoscope are verified.     

基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法精确反演地球重力场

由于GRACE Follow-On双星系统等效于基线长为星间距离的一维水平重力梯度仪,因此本文基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法开展了精确和快速反演下一代地球重力场的可行性论证研究. 研究结果表明：第一,基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法（GFO-SGGM）,利用卫星轨道参数（轨道高度250 km、星间距离50 km、轨道倾角89°、轨道离心率0.001）、关键载荷测量精度（星间距离10^-6 m、星间速度10^-7 m·s^-1、星间加速度10^-10 m·s^-2、轨道位置10^-3 m、轨道速度10^-6 m·s^-1、非保守力10^-11 m·s^-2）、观测时间30天和采样间隔10 s反演了120阶地球重力场,在120阶处累计大地水准面精度为9.331×10^-4 m. 第二,在120阶内,利用将来GRACE Follow-On双星反演地球重力场精度较现有GRACE双星平均提高61倍,因此GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法是进一步提高地球重力场反演精度的优选方法. 第三,下一代GRACE Follow-On计划较当前GRACE计划的优点如下：轨道高度更低（200~300 km）、载荷精度更高（10^-7 ~10^-9 m·s^-1）和星间距离更短（50~100 km）.     

Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji,Tanzania

Abstract

A large dam is planned at Stiegler’s Gorge in Tanzania. The change in the Rufiji River flood pattern will affect downstream ecosystems. This paper concentrates on the highly productive floodplain lakes that play a vital role in local livelihoods. A participatory monitoring system with village-based observers collected water level, rainfall, fisheries and food data from 2001 to 2011. Water balances of the lakes show dependence on the Rufiji River flood, with varying vulnerability. With the dam design flood of 2500 m³ s^-1, lakes with a high threshold and small catchment will dry out quickly. Lakes with a lower threshold and substantial catchment are more robust but may still dry out during prolonged local drought. Analysis of rainfall (1923–2012) indicates a recent decrease. The data were analysed through feedback workshops with local observers, government technical staff and researchers. Through this collaborative approach, local capacity in preparing for the post-dam future was enhanced.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Duvail, S., Mwakalinga, A.B., Eijkelenburg, A., Hamerlynck, O., Kindinda, K., and Majule, A., 2014. Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 713–730.     

一类偶数阶Sturm-Liouvile四点边值问题多个正解的存在性

讨论了一类偶数阶四点边值问题正解的存在性,借助Leggett-Williams不动点定理和不等式技巧,得到了该边值问题至少存在三个和任意奇数个正解的充分条件.     

2011年贵州两次降雪天气过程的多普勒雷达产品特征分析

利用常规观测和新一代多普勒天气雷达回波资料对2011年1月17日至20日贵州省出现的两次降雪天气进行详细的特征分析。结果表明：贵州降雪回波强度一般〈30dBz,中心强度普遍在30-40dBz之间,反射率因子的分布梯度不大;但降雪过程中夹杂冰粒的时候,回波中心强度能达到50dBz。降雪回波的顶高一般在7km以下,其中顶高5-7km的情况占到60％左右,发展旺盛时回波顶高可达到8km以上。降雪回波径向速度的等值线比较密集,沿径向梯度变化大。“牛眼”状回波是降雪回波的一个典型特征,“牛眼”状回波正负速度中心值的大小与降雪量存在一定的正比关系。风廓线产品的近地面层风向对于预报降水类型有明显的指示意义,当风廓线产品上近地面1．5km高度的风向由东偏南转为东偏北时,地面冷平流取代暖平流,雨夹雪向纯雪转换,反之,暖平流取代冷平流,则是纯雪向雨夹雪转换,或者降雪减弱消失。     

西安市地下空间开发利用现状与对策建议

西安作为国家级中心城市,地下空间开发逐渐步入实践化和规模化阶段,其面临的问题具有很强的代表性和典型性。在对国内外地下空间开发利用进展和趋势分析的基础上,针对西安市地下空间利用中存在的问题,提出了开发利用的对策建议,主要包括:①积极推进城市地下空间资源调查、监测与评估工作。②加强地下空间开发与地质环境的相互作用机理、地下空间的价值估算、地下空间资源开发的多元化融资模式等方面的技术攻关。③建立和完善相关法律法规、技术标准和行政管理细则。④推进城市地下空间资源开发利用的信息化和智能化,保障地下空间的合理开发利用,有效支撑国土空间规划与布局优化。     

Resistivity saturation in liquid iron–light-element alloys at conditions of planetary cores from first principles computations

We present a comprehensive analysis of electrical resistivity for liquid Fe–Si, Fe–S, and Fe–O alloys from first principles computations, covering the pressure/temperature conditions and major light element candidates inside the cores of terrestrial planets. By fitting optical conductivity with the Drude formula, we explicitly calculate the effective electron mean free path, and show that it becomes comparable to the interatomic distance for high densities and Si/S concentrations (Ioffe–Regel criterion). In approaching the Ioffe–Regel criterion, the temperature coefficient of resistivity decreases with compression for all compositions, eventually vanishes (Fe–Si), or even changes sign (Fe–S). Differences in resistivity and the degree of saturation between the iron alloys studied are explained in terms of iron–light element coordination numbers and their density dependence. Due to competing temperature and pressure effects, resistivity profiles along proposed core adiabats exhibit a small negative pressure gradient.     

Magma chamber growth models in the upper crust: A review of the hydraulic and inertial constraints

Finite volumes of magma moving in confinement, store hydraulic potential energy for the generation,control and transmission of power. The Pascal's principle in a hydraulic jack arrangement is used to model the vertical and lateral growth of sills. The small input piston of the hydraulic jack is equivalent to the feeder dike, the upper large expansible piston equivalent to the magmatic chamber and the inertial force of the magma in the dike is the input force. This arrangement is particularly relevant to the case of sills expanding with blunt tips, for which rapid fracture propagation is inhibited. Hydraulic models concur with experimental data that show that lateral expansion of magma into a sill is promoted when the vertical ascent of magma through a feeder dike reaches the bottom contact with an overlying, flat rigid-layer. At this point, the magma is forced to decelerate, triggering a pressure wave through the conduit caused by the continued ascent of magma further down(fluid-hammer effect). This pressure wave can provide overpressure enough to trigger the initial hydraulic lateral expansion of magma into an incipient sill, and still have enough input inertial force left to continue feeding the hydraulic system. The lateral expansion underneath the strong impeding layer, causes an area increase and thus, further hydraulic amplification of the input inertial force on the sides and roof of the incipient sill, triggering further expansion in a self-reinforcing process. Initially, the lateral pressure increase is larger than that in the roof allowing the sill to expand. However, expansion eventually increases the total integrated force on the roof allowing its uplift into either a laccolith, if the roof preserves continuity, or into a piston bounded by a circular set of fractures. Hydraulic models for shallow magmatic chambers, also suggest that laccolith-like intrusions require the existence of a self-supported chamber roof. In contrast, if the roof of magmatic chambers loses the self-supporting capacity, lopoliths and calderas should be expected for more or less dense magmas, respectively, owing to the growing influence of the density contrast between the host rock and the magma.     

An X-ray excited optical luminescence study of a zoned quartz crystal from an emerald-bearing quartz vein,Hiddenite, North Carolina,USA

The optical luminescence excited with synchrotron radiation along a preferential orientation of a quartz crystal has been investigated. It is found that the crystal is composed of two distinct regions, only one of which luminesces upon X-ray excitation. This luminescence is generally uniform and exhibits emission bands in the blue (470 nm with a shoulder at 522 nm) and in the UV (340 nm) regions of the spectrum. The branching ratio for the intensity of these bands is sensitive to the excitation energy across the Si K-edge. XANES spectra collected by partial luminescence yield (PLY) suggest that both emission bands originate from the de-excitation of Si atoms in the quartz. The possible defect sites within the crystal structure that could account for the observed luminescence are investigated and discussed. Additional experiments are proposed to verify this assignment of the optical emission bands.