Vesicle layering in solidified intrusive magma bodies: a newly recognized type of igneous structure

 We report a novel type of layering structure in igneous rocks. The layering structure in the Ogi picrite sill in Sado Island, Japan, is spatially periodic, and appears to be caused by the variation in vesicle volume fraction. The gas phase forming the vesicles apparently exsolved from the interstitial melt at the final stage of solidification of the magma body. We call this type of layering caused by periodic vesiculation in the solidifying magma body "vesicle layering." The presence of vesicle layering in other basic igneous bodies (pillow lava at Ogi and dolerite sill at Atsumi, Japan) implies that it may be a fairly common igneous feature. The width of individual layers slightly, but regularly, increases with distance from the upper contact. The layering plane is perpendicular to the long axes of columnar joints, regardless of gravitational direction, suggesting that the formation of vesicles is mainly controlled by the temperature distribution in the cooling magma body. We propose a model of formation of vesicle layering which is basically the same as that for Liesegang rings. The interplay between the diffusion of heat and magmatic volatiles in melt, and the sudden vesiculation upon supersaturation, both play important roles. Received: 15 February 1996 / Accepted: 24 June 1996     

中断服务程序的驻留与应用

中断是计算机系统工作中的重要过程。本文介绍了设置新的中断向量和中断服务程序驻留的方法,并以建立屏幕电子表为例,予以详细说明。     

A high accuracy method for determining nitrogen, argon and oxygen in seawater

An improved gas chromatographic system was constructed to analyze oceanic dissolved N₂, Ar and O₂ with a higher accuracy and shorter analytical time. To obtain a higher accuracy of N₂, Ar and O₂ measurements, the following was added to the system: (I) an air trapping system; (II) a N₂–CO₂ trapping system after the operation of the air trapping system; (III) an active carbon column system for separating N₂ and CO₂ completely and (IV) the introduction of automatic valves controlling most of the system. Compared to previous studies, the precision of the measurements of N₂, Ar and O₂ concentrations was higher at 0.04%, 0.05% and 0.02%, respectively, and our analytical time was shorter at 600 s. Using the improved analytical technique, concentrations of N₂ (C_N2, 561.69–611.81 μmol/kg) and Ar (C_Ar, 15.126–16.238 μmol/kg), saturation states of N₂ (ΔN₂, − 5.1–0.9%) and Ar (ΔAr, − 7.0 to − 1.1%) from 0 m to 3000 m depth in the western North Pacific were observed during March 2005. Based on these data, we propose a new concept for estimating the amount of bubble injection (B). The total error in calculating B was estimated to be about 20%. We estimated B from 12 to 43 μmol/kg in this region using the observational values of N₂ and Ar. As each water mass had a significantly different value of B even with an error of 20%, it is possible to use it as an index of sea surface state for when each water mass is produced in the sea surface mixed layer. Moreover, based on our values of B, we estimated preformed dissolved oxygen (DO) (C_preDO, 309–332 μmol/kg) and the saturation state of C_preDO (ΔpreDO, − 7.0 to − 1.2%) in this region. Thus, the difference between C_preDO and DO content in the ocean interior may be a more useful index for biogenic organic decomposition in the ocean field compared to Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU). Until now, the estimation of oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ has used AOU as a major parameter. Therefore, it may be necessary to re-evaluate the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO₂ based on our new concept of B.     

不同孔距固定气泡幕对黑鲷的阻拦效果

于１９８７年３月－１９８８年１月，在室内水池中观测孔径为０．５ｍｍ，孔距分别为２．５，５．０，７．５，１０．０，２０．０ｃｍ５中固定气泡幕的视觉特征和声学特征；对孔距分别为５．０，１０．０和２０．０ｃｍ３种气泡幕对黑鲷的阻拦作用予以重点分析研究，以期探讨适合阻拦黑鲷的最适孔距。结果表明，这３种气泡幕对黑鲷都具有明显的阻拦作用，平均阻拦率分别为７５．１％，５５．５和５４．５％；其中，以５．０ｃｍ孔距     

基于地震信息的大屏可视化技术研究与应用

为提高指挥大屏信息读取效率,更好地进行防震减灾工作,对指挥大屏地震信息可视化开展了一系列研究,详细探讨了基于地震信息的指挥大屏可视化内容,包括大屏布局、设计思想、颜色搭配、文字表达、图标设计、交互显示与整体展示效果等方面,对地震应急信息的准确完备、快速传递、清晰表达和高效处理有一定提高。     

藏东南地区冰碛物斜坡钢花管注浆加固试验研究

本文以藏东南地区帕隆藏布流域冰碛物斜坡为例,针对其架空结构较多、固结程度欠佳的特点,提出钢花管注浆加固技术。通过15个注浆孔现场注浆、现场开挖、取样测试等,探讨其施工工艺及加固效果,并结合FLAC3D数值模拟,进一步阐明其加固机理及设计方法。研究结果表明,冰碛物浅表层注浆有效加固半径为20~55 cm,浆液扩展路径与架空结构展布息息相关;注浆加固后土体粘聚力、内摩擦角、压缩模量均得到改善,竖直渗透系数变小;其注浆压力宜采用0.5~1.0 MPa;水灰比宜选用2、1;注浆孔间距与有效加固半径的比值不宜大于8。通过现场试验,形成一套基于3.5 m³空压机、YT28型凿岩机、空心自钻式锚杆及气动式注浆机的花管注浆工艺,轻便快捷,施工效率高,尤其适用于交通不便、施工条件差的情形。     

Ship-induced effects on bottom-mounted acoustic current meters in shallow seas

The echo-amplitude of a 23-m-deep bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) shows regular spikes up to 30 dB above background level when a ship passes nearby, due to deep penetration of bubble clouds. This is evidenced from regularly occurring spikes in echo-data that are simultaneous with ferry crossings in a narrow sea-strait. The bubbles can nearly reach the bottom and are comparable in magnitude to near-bottom scattering off suspended material in vigorous tidal currents exceeding 1 m s⁻¹ in magnitude. The bubble clouds mask the sea surface from the echo-amplitude, which hampers the use of an ADCP for estimating atmospheric parameters and near-surface currents, under such conditions. The echo-spikes associated with the ferry are confirmed with coinciding dips in bottom pressure up to 1200 N m⁻² and with deviations up to 10° in the ADCP's heading due to pressure waves and magnetic field disturbances from under the ferry and from its rear, respectively.     

Fired Models of Air-gun Source and Its Application

Air-gun is an important active seismic source. With the development of the theory about air- gun array, the technique for air-gun array design becomes mature and is widely used in petroleum exploration and geophysics. In order to adapt it to different research domains, different combination and fired models are needed. At the present time, there are two fired models of air-gun source, namely, reinforced initial pulse and reinforced first bubble pulse. The fired time, space between single guns, frequency and resolution of the two models are different. This comparison can supply the basis for its extensive application.     

一种高效率井下导线测量辅助系统

针对在煤矿井下导线和陀螺定向测量中,采用点下仪器对中操作过程往往耗时长且易造成明显的对中误差,并严重影响了矿井测量工作的效率和精度的问题,该文提出一种无需仪器精确对中的改进方法。通过安置一套测定对中偏差的触屏读数装置及内置数据处理系统,对观测数据进行自动偏心改正,较好地消减了井下导线测量或陀螺定向的对中误差影响。     

H2O diffusion models in rhyolitic melt with new high pressure data

Water diffusion in silicate melts is important for understanding bubble growth in magma, magma degassing and eruption dynamics of volcanos. Previous studies have made significant progress on water diffusion in silicate melts, especially rhyolitic melt. However, the pressure dependence of H₂O diffusion is not constrained satisfactorily. We investigated H₂O diffusion in rhyolitic melt at 0.95–1.9 GPa and 407–1629 °C, and 0.2–5.2 wt.% total water (H₂O_t) content with the diffusion-couple method in a piston-cylinder apparatus. Compared to previous data at 0.1–500 MPa, H₂O diffusivity is smaller at higher pressures, indicating a negative pressure effect. This pressure effect is more pronounced at low temperatures. Assuming H₂O diffusion in rhyolitic melt is controlled by the mobility of molecular H₂O (H₂O_m), the diffusivity of H₂O_m (D_H2Om) at H₂O_t ≤ 7.7 wt.%, 403–1629 °C, and ≤ 1.9 GPa is given by

D_H2Om=D₀exp(aX),