Molecular iodine (I2) emission from two Laminaria species (Phaeophyceae) and impact of irradiance and temperature on I2 emission into air and iodide release into seawater from Laminaria digitata

Kelps of the genus Laminaria accumulate iodine at high concentrations, but the iodine retaining capacity can be affected by emersion and physiological stress. In this study, I₂ emission into the atmosphere from Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea was compared under controlled low irradiances and temperatures. The two species exhibited different I₂ emission rates as blades of L. digitata emitted I₂ at rates five times higher than those from newly-grown blades (current growth season) of L. hyperborea. I₂ emission was not detectable from old blades (previous growth season) of L. hyperborea. Additionally, effects of irradiance and temperature on both I₂ emission into air and net I⁻ release into seawater where assessed for L. digitata while monitoring photo-physiological parameters as stress indicators. Irradiances between 30 and 120 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ had only marginal effects on both I₂ emission and I⁻ release rates, but physiological stress, indicated by photoinhibition, was observed. The results suggest that the irradiances applied here were not stressful enough to impact on the iodine release. By contrast, at elevated temperatures (20 °C), photoinhibition was accompanied by an increase in I₂ emission rates, but net I⁻ release rates remained similar at 10–20 °C. High I₂ emission rates into air and I⁻ release into seawater observed from L. digitata underpin the fundamental function of this kelp as mediator of coastal iodine fluxes.     

南海东部次海盆地震背景噪声分析

背景噪声的强弱是影响地震台站观测的一个重要因素。获取背景噪声的分布特征对评估海底地震仪记录数据质量及对数据的降噪处理均具有重要的指示意义。利用概率密度函数方法获取台站数据的功率谱密度的概率分布特征并与全球背景噪声高值模型和低值模型进行对比是研究台站周围环境背景噪声水平的有利手段。本研究基于南海大规模的被动源海底地震仪台阵长期观测实验的部分数据,利用概率密度函数方法研究了南海的背景噪声。首先,在全频段上对背景噪声进行了分析,并与其他台站做了对比,发现海洋的背景噪声在微震段和低频段大于高值模型且在全频带上远大于陆基台站的背景噪声,这表明海底地震仪数据质量并不高;其次,对观测过程中出现的地震事件以及其他典型信号的概率密度分布进行了归纳总结,发现远震事件、近震事件和数据丢失现象分别具有不同的优势频段和特征,这对后续滤波处理和质量检查具有重要指示意义;最后,研究了背景噪声的时间变化特征,发现台风是导致微震段时间变化的主要原因。     

海底地震仪广角地震试验

介绍了海底地震仪(OBS)的基本原理、结构和海上调查方法,针对解决东海冲绳海槽地壳结构及性质等目的,利用大容量气枪枪阵震源和海底地震仪在东海冲绳海槽首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验。本次试验布设一条NNW—SSE向垂直构造走向的勘测线,共投放海底地震仪40台,回收成功36台。获得了有效的深部地震数据,可识别到Pg、PmP、Pn等多种震相。此次试验是我国在冲绳海槽深部探测中的成功示范,有效填补了该地区深部地震数据的空白,为解决冲绳海槽深部地质问题奠定了坚实的基础。     

First results from the North Iceland experiment

Between June 2004 and September 2004 a temporary seismic network was installed on the northern insular shelf of Iceland and onshore in north Iceland. The seismic setup aimed at resolving the subsurface structure and, thus, the geodynamical transition from Icelandic crust to typical oceanic crust along Kolbeinsey Ridge. The experiment recorded about 1,000 earthquakes. The region encloses the Tjörnes Fracture Zone containing the Husavik–Flatey strike-slip fault and the extensional seismic Grimsey Lineament. Most of the seismicity occurs in swarms offshore. Preliminary results reveal typical mid-ocean crust north of Grimsey and a heterogeneous structure with major velocity anomalies along the seismic lineaments and north–south trending subsurface features. Complementary bathymetric mapping highlight numerous extrusion features along the Grimsey Lineament and Kolbeinsey Ridge. The seismic dataset promises to deliver new insights into the tectonic framework for earthquakes in an extensional transform zone along the global mid-ocean ridge system.     

A permanent seismic station beneath the Ocean Bottom

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics began development of the Ocean Subbottom Seisometer (OSS) system in 1978, and OSS systems were installed in four locations between 1979 and 1982. The OSS system is a permanent, deep ocean borehole seismic recording system composed of a borehole sensor package (tool), an electromechanical cable, recorder package, and recovery system. Installed near the bottom of a borehole (drilled by the D/V Glomar Challenger), the tool contains three orthogonal, 4.5-Hz geophones, two orthogonal tilt meters; and a temperature sensor. Signals from these sensors are multiplexed, digitized (with a floating point technique), and telemetered through approximately 10 km of electromechanical cable to a recorder package located near the ocean bottom. Electrical power for the tool is supplied from the recorder package. The digital seismic signals are demultiplexed, converted back to analog form, processed through an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit, and recorded along with a time code on magnetic tape cassettes in the recorder package. Data may be recorded continuously for up to two months in the self-contained recorder package. Data may also be recorded in real time (digital formal) during the installation and subsequent recorder package servicing. The recorder package is connected to a submerged recovery buoy by a length of bouyant polypropylene rope. The anchor on the recovery buoy is released by activating either of the acoustical command releases. The polypropylene rope may also be seized with a grappling hook to effect recovery. The recorder package may be repeatedly serviced as long as the tool remains functionalA wide range of data has been recovered from the OSS system. Recovered analog records include signals from natural seismic sources such as earthquakes (teleseismic and local), man-made seismic sources such as refraction seismic shooting (explosives and air cannons), and nuclear tests. Lengthy continuous recording has permitted analysis of wideband noise levels, and the slowly varying parameters, temperature and tilt.Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Contribution 1909.     

A margin-wide BSR gas hydrate assessment: Canada’s Atlantic margin

It is the intent of this paper to explore a significant extent of an entire passive continental margin for hydrate occurrence to understand hydrate modes of occurrence, preferred geologic settings and estimate potential volumes of methane. The presence of gas hydrates offshore of eastern Canada has long been inferred from estimated stability zone calculations, but little physical evidence has been offered. An extensive set of 2-D and 3-D, single and multi-channel seismic reflection data comprising in excess of 140,000 line-km was analyzed. Bottom simulating reflections (BSR) were unequivocally identified at seven sites, ranging between 250 and 445 m below the seafloor and in water depths of 620-2850 m. The combined area of the BSRs is 9311 km², which comprises a small proportion of the entire theoretical stability zone along the Canadian Atlantic margin (∼715,165 km²). The BSR within at least six of these sites lies in a sedimentary drift deposit or sediment wave field, indicating the likelihood of grain sorting and potential porosity and permeability (reservoir) development. Although there are a variety of conditions required to generate and recognize a BSR, one might assume that these sites offer the most potential for highest hydrate concentration and exploitation. Total hydrate in formation at the sites of recognized BSR’s is estimated at 17 to 190 × 10⁹ m³ or 0.28 to 3.12 × 10¹³ m³ of methane gas at STP. Although it has been shown that hydrate can exist without a BSR, the results from this regional study argue that conservative estimates of the global reserve of hydrate along continental margins are necessary.     

地震计时域标定的噪声数据处理

分析了在甚宽频带地震计的时域标定中存在的各种噪声，探讨了相应的处理方法，重点阐述了对阶跃标定影响最大的长周期漂移噪声的处理方法——漂移曲线拟合法。     

武昌台JCZ-1地震计LP通道的信号分析

对武汉地震基准台JCZ-1超宽频地震计加速度信号通道的记录数据进行了分析,并对其中垂直分量记录的信息进行了潮汐计算。结果表明：JCZ-1超宽频地震计LP加速度通道记录的观测信号以固体潮汐信息为主,其中垂直分量记录的主要是重力固体潮,其观测基本达到传统固体潮仪器的精度水平。给出了经典的Venedikov调和分析结果。     

宽频带负反馈地震计的实用标定方法

阐述了一种低成本有效标定宽频带负反馈地震计的方法,给出了实际标定结果和数据处理方法。     

用钻孔应变数据探测2011年日本Tohoku大地震激发的低频地球环型自由振荡及其谱峰分裂

地震激发的地球自由振荡中, 环型自由振荡(特别是低频环型自由振荡)的精确探测相比于球型自由振荡更加困难. 环型自由振荡对SH波速度结构更加敏感, 能更好地监测走滑断层运动, 因此精确估算环型自由振荡的谱峰参数可为地球内部大尺度SH波速度结构和大地震的震源机制提供更强约束. 本研究利用2011年日本Tohoku地震后四分量钻孔应变仪的观测资料, 提取了该地震激发的1.3 mHz以下低频环型和球型自由振荡信号, 与STS-1宽频带地震仪的结果相比较, 发现四分量钻孔应变仪对1 mHz以下的环型自由振荡具有更强的探测能力. 本研究还采用频率域自回归方法精确估计了₀T₂—₀T₆的简并频率, 结果与PREM模型理论值相差非常小, 平均相对误差仅为2.52×10^-4.此外还用钻孔应变仪观测资料探测到了₀T₂谱峰分裂现象. 研究结果表明, 钻孔应变仪能有效探测到大地震激发的低频地球环型自由振荡信号, 可为地幔大尺度各向异性结构研究提供高质量的基础数据.