Shear velocity structure of crust and uppermost mantle in China from surface wave tomography using ambient noise and earthquake data

We present a 3D model of shear velocity of crust and upper mantle in China and surrounding regions from surface wave tomography.We combine dispersion measurements from ambient noise correlation and traditional earthquake data.The stations include the China National Seismic Network,global networks,and all the available PASSCAL stations in the region over the years.The combined data sets provide excellent data coverage of the region for surface wave measurements from 8 to 120 s,which are used to invert for 3D shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to about150 km.We also derive new models of the study region for crustal thickness and averaged S velocities for upper,mid,and lower crust and the uppermost mantle.The models provide a fundamental data set for understanding continental dynamics and evolution.The tomography results reveal significant features of crust and upper mantle structure,including major basins,Moho depth variation,mantle velocity contrast between eastern and western North China Craton,widespread low-velocity zone in midcrust in much of the Tibetan Plateau,and clear velocity contrasts of the mantle lithosphere between north and southern Tibet with significant E–W variations.The low velocity structure in the upper mantle under north and eastern TP correlates with surface geological boundaries.A patch of high velocity anomaly is found under the eastern part of the TP,which may indicate intact mantle lithosphere.Mantle lithosphere shows striking systematic change from the western to eastern North China Craton.The Tanlu Fault appears to be a major lithosphere boundary.     

利用背景噪声数据提取地震台站间 面波的可靠性分析 以中国大陆中东部地区的宽频带台站为例

利用中国大陆中东部地区以国家台网为主的100个分布均匀的宽频带地震台记录到的21个月的连续波形数据, 经过单台数据处理和互相关叠加计算后, 由时频分析法提取了研究区各台站对间瑞雷波的格林函数. 为了检验经验格林函数的可靠性和稳定性, 对沿部分路径的经验格林函数和频散曲线进行了质量评估. 检测结果表明, 自21个月叠加的台站对间背景噪声中提取的经验格林函数与实际的地震面波一致, 提取的格林函数可靠. 此外, 统计了使用从3—21个月不同长度数据叠加后, 经验格林函数信噪比大于10的频散曲线数目. 结果表明, 至少要使用12个月的数据才能提取到信噪比足够大, 数目足够多, 可用于反演面波速度结构的经验格林函数; 12个月的叠加时长, 可以保证30 s以下周期的频散曲线在时间上稳定.     

叠前逆时深度偏移低频噪声压制策略研究

低波数噪音严重影响了逆时偏移的成像质量,选择合适的低波数噪音压制方法是进行逆时偏移时必然涉及到的一个重要方面.本文首先详细分析了逆时偏移中低波数噪音产生的本质原因,然后根据噪音的产生机制对目前各类低波数噪音压制方法进行了分析和归类:第一类低波数噪音压制策略的核心是在构建波场中避免发生背向反射;第二类低波数噪音压制策略的核心是进行选择性成像.最后通过对压噪方法进行合理的选择和搭配,构建了在不同实现条件和成像需求情况下逆时偏移去噪方法的最佳抉择策略.结合数值算例对几种压噪方案进行了测试和比较,实例表明了对噪音压制方法进行合理的搭配可以获得高信噪比逆时偏移成像结果.     

Uncertainty,entropy, scaling and hydrological stochastics. 2. Time dependence of hydrological processes and time scaling / Incertitude,entropie, effet d'échelle et propriétés stochastiques hydrologiques. 2. Dépendance temporelle des processus hydrologiques et échelle temporelle

Abstract

The well-established physical and mathematical principle of maximum entropy (ME), is used to explain the distributional and autocorrelation properties of hydrological processes, including the scaling behaviour both in state and in time. In this context, maximum entropy is interpreted as maximum uncertainty. The conditions used for the maximization of entropy are as simple as possible, i.e. that hydrological processes are non-negative with specified coefficients of variation and lag-one autocorrelation. In the first part of the study, the marginal distributional properties of hydrological processes and the state scaling behaviour were investigated. This second part of the study is devoted to joint distributional properties of hydrological processes. Specifically, it investigates the time dependence structure that may result from the ME principle and shows that the time scaling behaviour (or the Hurst phenomenon) may be obtained by this principle under the additional general condition that all time scales are of equal importance for the application of the ME principle. The omnipresence of the time scaling behaviour in numerous long hydrological time series examined in the literature (one of which is used here as an example), validates the applicability of the ME principle, thus emphasizing the dominance of uncertainty in hydrological processes.     

地质雷达精细处理与解释

地质雷达探测技术已在基础建设工程中得到广泛应用。在研究地质雷达高精度特性时,不能脱离弱异常的精细处理解释。本文探讨了:(1)地质雷达噪声源;(2)雷达资料的精细处理和解释,重点讨论在处理解释中如何达到“精细”的过程。     

玉树地震前电离层VLF信号信噪比变化

2010年4月13日23点49分38秒(世界时),青海省玉树县发生了Ms7.1地震.根据法国DEMETER卫星电场探测仪(ICE)实验数据,研究震区上空半径500 km范围内电离层10-20 kHz甚低频(VLF)电场频谱信噪比发现,玉树地震前3个不同频率的地面VLF发射站信号对应的信噪比均出现相同的变化特征,即震前DEMETER卫星1个重访周期内的平均信噪比明显减弱,而2009年相同时段和区域的平均信噪比并未出现相似变化趋势.分析认为,玉树地震孕震期信噪比衰减现象很可能是由地震-电离层耦合所致.     

福建数字地震台网台址背景噪声分析

在使用福建区数字地震台网选台过程中,用１２个台址得到的背景噪声数字记录,计算分析了其背景噪声地动速度均方根值（ＲＭＳ）,有效测量动态范围、噪声功率谱及功率谱密度。所得结果可作为供评价仪器性能,台址安静程度的参考。对利用仪器所提供的动态范围,根据区域台网周围地震环境和台网记录地震的目的及任务设置适当的增益量程是也是有用的 。     

“彩虹”台风对宽频带地震计记录的影响

201522号"彩虹"台风于2015年10月4日14时前后登陆广东湛江坡头区,对其登陆及前后1周时间内,相邻地震台站宽频带地震计记录的台基噪声速度幅值相关关系进行分析,结果显示:(1)随着台风发育和消亡,在台风登陆的8区域附近,地震台记录的速度幅值由逐渐增加变为逐渐减小,相邻地震台速度幅值线性相关系数达0.9以上;(2)滤波后1—10 s频段数据,相邻地震台速度幅值比趋于稳定。可见"彩虹"台风对1—10 s频段台基噪声影响明显,相邻地震台幅值比趋于稳定。     

宽频地震仪发展现状及其在背景噪声成像中的应用

宽频地震仪及由其组成的宽频地震台网、流动式数字地震台阵是一种探测地球内部构造新技术,在研究方位各向异性、壳慢速度结构、天然地震观测等方面有广泛用途,是进行天然地震波速度成像和利用地震噪声成像探测地下精细结构的必需设备.本文主要介绍了宽频地震仪的特点和国内外的发展现状;详细总结了国外较成熟宽频地震仪的性能指标;分析了宽频地震仪适用于背景噪声成像法的原因;列举了其在背景噪声成像中的实际应用;简述了其结合接收函数法、波形反演法、层析成像法的应用;最后总结了宽频地震仪不足之处,并展望了其未来发展方向.     

Satellite remote sensing and conceptual cloud modeling for convective rainfall simulation

Motivated by the need for rainfall prediction models in data scarce areas, we adapted a simple storage based cloud model to use routinely available thermal infrared (TIR) data. The data is obtained from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-2) satellite. Model inputs are TIR cloud top temperatures at 15-min intervals and observations of pressure, temperature, and dew point temperatures from ground-based stations at 30-min intervals. The sensitivity of the parsimonious cloud model to its parameters is evaluated by a regional sensitivity analysis (RSA) which suggests that model performance is sensitive to few parameters. The model was calibrated and tested for four convective events that were observed during the wet season in the source basin of the Upper Blue Nile River. The difference between the simulated and the observed depth of the selected rain events varies between 0.2 and 1.8 mm with a root mean square error of smaller than 0.5 mm for each event. It is shown that the updraft velocity characteristic can provide relevant information for rainfall forecasting. The simulation results suggest the effectiveness of the model approach as evaluated by selected performance measures. The various characteristics of the rainfall events as simulated generally match to observed counter parts when ground-based and remote sensing observations are combined.