附合网平差的基准与起始数据误差的影响

讨论在通用误差方程的基础上，已知数据用基准方程来给予体现，用秩亏平差的方式，解决独立网平差、特别是附合网平差的问题。用算例证明，基准方程平差附合网将达到传统附合网平差的目的且在某些方面优于传统平差。同时对起算数据误差的处理方式进行了探讨。     

A theoretical framework for constructing elastic/plastic constitutive models of triaxial tests

Modern ideas of thermomechanics are used to develop families of models describing the elastic/plastic behaviour of cohesionless soils deforming under triaxial conditions. Once the form of the free energy and dissipation potential functions have been specified, the corresponding yield loci, flow rules, isotropic and kinematic hardening rules as well as the elasticity law are deduced in a systematic manner. The families contain the classical linear frictional (Coulomb type) models and the classical critical state models as special cases. The generalized models discussed here include non‐associated flow rules, shear as well as volumetric hardening, anisotropic responses and rotational yield loci. The various parameters needed to describe the models can be interpreted in terms of ratio of the plastic work, which is dissipated, to that which is stored. Non‐associated behaviour is found to occur whenever this division between dissipated and stored work is not equal. Micro‐level interpretations of stored plastic work are discussed. The models automatically satisfy the laws of thermodynamics, and there is no need to invoke any stability postulates. Some classical forms of the peak‐strength/dilatancy relationship are established theoretically. Some representative drained and undrained paths are computed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Reissner–Sagoci problem for a transversely isotropic half‐space

A transversely isotropic linear elastic half‐space, z?0, with the isotropy axis parallel to the z‐axis is considered. The purpose of the paper is to determine displacements and stresses fields in the interior of the half‐space when a rigid circular disk of radius a completely bonded to the surface of the half‐space is rotated through a constant angle θ₀. The region of the surface lying out with the circle r?a, is free from stresses. This problem is a type of Reissner–Sagoci mixed boundary value problems. Using cylindrical co‐ordinate system and applying Hankel integral transform in the radial direction, the problem may be changed to a system of dual integral equations. The solution of the dual integral equations is obtained by an approach analogous to Sneddon's (J. Appl. Phys. 1947; 18 :130–132), so that the circumferential displacement and stress fields inside the medium are obtained analytically. The same problem has already been approached by Hanson and Puja (J. Appl. Mech. 1997; 64 :692–694) by the use of integrating the point force potential functions. It is analytically proved that the present solution, although of a quite different form, is equivalent to that given by Hanson and Puja. To illustrate the solution, a few plots are provided. The displacements and the stresses in a soil deposit due to a rotationally symmetric force or boundary displacement may be obtained using the results of this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-order Analytical Solutions of Hill’s Equations

The purpose of this paper is the semi-analytical computation of the bounded orbits of Hill’s equations, describing the relative motion of two particles in their Keplerian motion around a central body. We have considered the case in which one of the particles moves along a circular reference orbit. The solutions obtained are the generalisation of the usual periodic orbits obtained for the linearised equations and also of the third-order solution computed by D.L. Richardson and J.W. Mitchell (2003). With the algorithm presented, those orbits can be computed in a fast and efficient way up to a high-order in the in-plane and out-of-plane amplitudes.     

利用时间分裂的错格伪谱法模拟地震波在基于改进BISQ模型的双相介质中的传播

改进的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型中各参数具有明确的物理意义和可实现性,在不引入特征喷流长度的情况下可将Biot流动和喷射流动两种力学机制有机地结合起来;而高精度的地震波场数值模拟技术是研究双相介质地震波传播规律的重要手段。本文从本构方程、动力学方程和动力学达西定律出发,推导了基于改进BISQ模型的双相各向同性介质的一阶速度--应力方程组;采用时间分裂错格伪谱法求该方程组的数值解,模拟半空间及层状双相介质中的地震波场。数值模拟结果表明:①与传统方法相比,时间分裂错格伪谱法波场数值模拟的精度更高,压制网格频散效果更好;②在非黏滞相界情况下,慢纵波呈传播性,而在黏滞相界情况下,慢纵波呈扩散性,以静态模式出现在震源位置;③双相介质分界面处,各类波型复杂的反射透射规律可由数值模拟结果清晰展现。     

On Newton-like methods for solving nonlinear equations

In this paper, we present a family of general Newton-like methods with a parametric function for finding a zero of a univariate function, permittingf′(x)=0 in some points. The case of multiple roots is not treated. The methods are proved to be quadratically convergent provided the weak condition. Thus the methods remove the severe conditionf′ (x)≠0. Based on the general form of the Newton-like methods, a family of new iterative methods with a variable parameter are developed.     

Crustal movement patterns of china continent measured by GPS

This paper uses multiquadric equations interpolation to establish a widely covered and valuable speed field model of China, with which the horizontal crustal movement patterns are obtained. The present-day vertical crustal movement velocity image of China is also expressed by GPS observation, from which we can know the vertical crustal movement patterns.     

On open boundary conditions for three dimensional primitive equation ocean circulation models

Abstract

An open boundary condition is constructed for three dimensional primitive equation ocean circulation models. The boundary condition utilises dominant balances in the governing equations to assist calculations of variables at the boundary. The boundary condition can be used in two forms. Firstly as a passive one in which there is no forcing at the boundary and phenomena generated within the domain of interest can propagate outwards without distorting the interior. Secondly as an active condition where a model is forced by the boundary condition. Three simple idealised tests are performed to verify the open boundary condition, (1) a passive condition to test the outflow of free Kelvin waves, (2) an active condition during the spin up phase of an ocean, (3) finally an example of the use of the condition in a tropical ocean.     

Regional aboveground biomass equations for North American arid and semi-arid forests

Calculations of dry tree, plot and regional aboveground biomass, M, and assessments of complex diverse forests remain key challenges in the implementation of conventional and sustainable projects. This study reports a set of robust regional equations and the application of several allometric tree and plot M equations in Mexican arid and semi-arid forest communities. The data were collected from 1084 tree M fitting models, and 195 arid and semi-arid and 206 mesquite trees and 55 plot datasets were used to validate the models. Theoretical, semi-empirical and empirical models with exogenous variables, as well as wood specific gravity, diameter, top height, and form-factor values, were used to evaluate aboveground biomass. Empirical computer-based equations projected more consistently similar tree M assessments than did semi-empirical or theoretical models. Therefore, empirical models are recommended for assessments of tree and plot M, and future allometry research should properly address independent variables in more theoretical models. The large sample size, model richness, economic and ecological importance, and wide coverage of this dataset make it useful for estimating several biogeochemical and bioenergy density parameters and contribute to the body of knowledge regarding heterogeneity in dry forest stand structures.     

Runge-Kutta间断有限元格式在一维浅水方程中的应用

针对一维浅水方程组建立了考虑源项离散的Runge-Kutta间断有限元格式,该格式具有通量与源项的和谐性,可以用于求解任意非棱柱体明渠浅水流动问题。所建立的数值模式分别应用于复杂地形下非棱柱体明渠跨临界流浅水流动算例和水跃问题,模拟结果表明,数值解与解析解以及实测值吻合良好,数值格式具有捕捉间断问题中锐利波形的能力。