Parametric study of the wave-induced residual liquefaction around an embedded pipeline

Wave-induced liquefaction in a porous seabed around submarine pipeline may cause catastrophic consequences such as large horizontal displacements of pipelines on the seabed, sinking or floatation of buried pipelines. Most previous studies in relation to the wave and seabed interactions with embedded pipeline dealt with the wave-induced instaneous seabed response and possible resulting momentary liquefaction (where the soil is liquefied instantaneously during the passage of a wave trough), using theory of poro-elasticity. Studies for the interactions between a buried pipeline and a soil undergoing build-up of pore pressure and residual liquefaction have been comparatively rare. In this paper, this complicated process was investigated by using a new developed integrated numerical model with RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes) equations used for governing the incompressible flow in the wave field and Biot consolidation equations used for linking the solid–pore fluid interactions in a porous seabed with embedded pipeline. Regarding the wave-induced residual soil response, a two-dimensional poro-elastoplastic solution with the new definition of the source term was developed, where the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation under gravitational forces including the body forces of a pipeline was incorporated. The proposed numerical model was verified with laboratory experiment to demonstrate its accuracy and effectiveness. The numerical results indicate that residual liquefaction is more likely to occur in the vicinity of the pipeline compared to that in the far-field. The inclusion of body forces of a pipeline in the pre-consolidation analysis of seabed foundation significantly affects the potential for residual liquefaction in the vicinity of the pipeline, especially for a shallow-embedded case. Parametric studies reveal that the gradients of maximum liquefaction depth with various wave and soil characteristics become steeper as pipeline burial depth decreases.     

Refined seaward boundary conditions for modelling shallow water waves in semi-enclosed water bodies

Based on the theory of characteristics, this research elaborates on the numerical treatment of two types of seaward boundary conditions for modelling long-wave dynamics in truncated estuarine and coastal domains. These seaward boundary conditions are devised for the solution of the fully non-linear shallow water equations in the time domain. The first type is the clamped boundary, at which the water level variation is given and the velocity is computed along the characteristic line going out of the domain. The second type is the non-reflecting boundary, where the incident wave information is introduced and the reflected waves from inside the computational domain are allowed to escape at the same time. The essence of its numerical implementation is to distinguish the inward and outward characteristics and to disconnect the incoming characteristic relation from the actual flow inside the domain. Compared with previous techniques, the present method includes extra terms in the derivation to account for the effects of the uneven bed, bottom friction and shape of the characteristic lines. A shock-capturing finite difference method is used to solve the shallow water equations in the deviatoric format, but the seaward boundary algorithms constructed herein are generic and applicable to other solvers. The necessity of these refinements is highlighted by simulating the tidal oscillation in the Persian/Arabian Gulf, periodic wave runup on the coastline and the wave resonance in a narrow harbour. It is found that neglecting the bed slope at the boundary may result in biased mean water levels in the prediction.     

The trap of climate change-induced “natural” disasters and inequality

The purpose of the present paper is to disentangle the mechanisms that connect climate change-induced disasters, inequality and vulnerability by accounting for both directions of causality. We do so by means of a simultaneous equations approach on a panel of 149 countries from 1992 to 2018. The empirical analysis reveals that countries with higher levels of income inequality suffer greater damages when hit by a natural disaster. At the same time, inequality is found to increase the number of people affected by disasters. Our analysis discloses the existence of a vicious cycle that keeps some countries stuck in a disasters-inequality trap.     

Comparison of Different Order Adams-Bashforth Methods in anAtmospheric General Circulation Model

The Asselin-Robert time filter used in the leapfrog scheme does degrade the accuracy of calculations. As an attractive alternative to leapfrog time differencing, the second-order Adams-Bashforth method is not subject to time splitting instability and keeps excellent calculation accuracy. A second-order Adams- Bashforth model has been developed, which represents better stability, excellent convergence and improved simulation of prognostic variables. Based on these results, the higher-order Adams-Bashforth methods are developed on the basis of NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) CAM 3.1 (Community Atmosphere Model 3.1) and the characteristics of dynamical cores are analyzed in this paper. By using Lorenz nonlinear convective equations, the filtered leapfrog scheme shows an excellent pattern for eliminating 2Δt wave solutions after 20 steps but represents less computational solution accuracy. The fourth-order Adams- Bashforth method is closely converged to the exact solution and provides a reference against which other methods may be compared. Thus, the Adams-Bashforth methods produce more accurate and convergent solution with differencing order increasing. The Held-Suarez idealized test is carried out to demonstrate that all methods have similar climate states to the results of many other global models for long-term integration. Besides, higher-order methods perform better in mass conservation and exhibit improvement in simulating tropospheric westerly jets, which is likely equivalent to the advantages of increasing horizontal resolutions. Based on the idealized baroclinic wave test, a better capability of the higher-order method in maintaining simulation stability is convinced. Furthermore, after the baroclinic wave is triggered through overlaying the steady-state initial conditions with the zonal perturbation, the higher-order method has a better ability in the simulation of baroclinic wave perturbation.     

Antecedent soil moisture conditions of different soil types in South‐western Ontario,Canada

Soil moisture conditions prior to input design storms need to be known in the planning and design of urban stormwater control facilities using the design storm approach. Limited information is available on these soil moisture conditions which are commonly referred to as the antecedent soil moisture conditions. In this study, a deterministic continuous simulation model was used to simulate antecedent soil moisture conditions under south‐western Ontario, Canada, climate conditions. A wide range of different soil types were investigated and various statistical analyses on the simulated antecedent soil moisture results were performed. Frequency analyses illustrated typical distributions of antecedent soil moisture conditions and the influence of finer and coarser textured soil particles. Empirical equations were developed for the estimation of average antecedent soil moisture conditions based on commonly known soil characteristics. Satisfactory performance of the empirical equations was demonstrated by comparing between field average antecedent soil moisture data and empirically estimated average antecedent soil moisture values. These equations are therefore recommended for use in urban stormwater studies incorporating the design storm approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved method to determine the molar volume and compositions of the NaCl-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> system inclusion

On the basis of Parry’s method (1986), an improved method was established to determine the molar volume (Vm) and compositions (X) of the NaCl-H2O-CO2 (NHC) system inclusion. To use this method, the determination of Vm-X only requires three microthermometric data of a NHC inclusion: partial homog-enization temperature (Th ,CO2), salinity (S) and total homogenization temperature (Th). Theoretically, four associated equations are needed containing four unknown parameters: X CO2, XNaCl, Vm and F (volume fraction of CO2 phase in total inclusion when occurring partial homogenization). When they are released, the Vm-X are determined. The former three equations, only correlated with Th ,CO2, S and F, have simplified expressions:XCO2=f1(Th,CO2,S,F),XNaCl=f2(Th,CO2,S,F),Vm=f3(Th,CO2,S,F). The last one is the thermodynamic relationship of X CO2, XNaCl, Vm and Th:f4(XCO2,XNaCl,Vm,Th)=0.Since the above four associated equations are complicated, it is necessary to adopt iterative technique to release them. The technique can be described by:(i) Freely input a F value (0≤F≤1),with Th ,CO2 and S, into the former three equations. As a result,X CO 2,XNaCl and the molar volume value recorded as Vm1 are derived. (ii) Input the X CO2 and XNaCl gotten in the step above into the last equation, and another molar volume value recorded as Vm2 is determined. (iii) If Vm1 is unequal to Vm2, the calculation will be restarted from “(i)”. The iteration is completed until Vm1 is equal to Vm2, which means that the four associated equations are released. Compared to Parry’s (1986) solution method, the improved method is more convenient to use, as well as more accurate to determine X CO 2. It is available for a NHC inlusion whose partial homogenization temperature is higher than clatherate melting temperature and there are no solid salt crystals in the inclusion at parital homogenization.     

双/多基地天气雷达探测小椭球粒子群的雷达气象方程

首先导出小椭球散射的方向函数及侧向散射截面的表达式。然后,考虑发射水平偏振波与垂直偏振波这两种情况下,当小椭球粒子群旋转轴作一致铅直取向和在空间作均匀随机取向时,分别建立适用于双/多基地雷达接收子站的雷达气象方程。主要结果为:(1)当入射波以不同的仰角及方位角射到旋转轴任意取向的椭球上时,会在椭球的3个轴上产生不同的极化电偶极矩分量,使小椭球散射方向函数不仅与散射方向有关,还与天线和粒子两个直角坐标之间的配置情况有关。(2)无论入射波偏振方式是水平还是垂直,小椭球粒子的总侧向散射截面恒是散射波在该方向上造成的侧向散射截面之和。(3)双基地雷达气象方程与单基地雷达气象方程比较,其差别在于侧向散射截面与后向散射截面的不同,另外,有效照射体积不同,子站与单基地站天线方向性函数不同,使双基地雷达气象方程中多出与双基地角有关的一个因子。(4)主站天线辐射在半功率点内不论均匀与否,双基地雷达气象方程中的侧向散射截面均代表总的侧向散射截面且依赖入射波偏振方式。(5)给出了小椭球群旋转轴一致铅直取向情况下的双基地雷达气象方程,这些方程与入射波偏振方式、主站发射天线辐射在半功率点内均匀与否有关。入射波为垂直偏振时一致铅直取向的椭球群的侧向散射截面可能由包含铅直分量在内的3个正交分量组成。这具体依赖于主站天线仰角。但入射波为水平偏振时到达子站天线处的回波功率与主站天线仰角无关。(6)给出了小椭球群旋转轴在空间无规则取向时的双基地雷达气象方程,这些方程与主站天线仰角、入射波偏振方式等无关,但与主站发射天线辐射在半功率点内均匀与否有关。     

基于GPS/IMU的红外影像直接定位技术

研究无控制点情况下的红外影像目标快速定位技术,有利于发挥红外遥感的测绘应用潜力。首先介绍了基于GPS/IMU的目标定位原理与方法;然后实验验证了红外影像多像前方交会和GPS/IMU辅助红外影像光束法区域网平差的可行性;并分析了误差产生的原因。实验证明,航空红外遥感在GPS/IMU组合系统的配合下,能满足目标探测与预警的精度要求,具有实用价值。     

Numerical solution of the asymmetric water impact of a wedge in three degrees of freedom

Impact problems associated with water entry have important applications in various aspects of naval architecture and ocean engineering. Estimation of hydrodynamic impact forces especially during the first instances after the impact is very important and is of interest. Since the estimation of hydrodynamic impact load plays an important role in safe design and also in evaluation of structural weight and costs, it is better to use a reliable and accurate prediction method instead of a simple estimation resulted by analyzing methods. In landing of flying boats, some phenomena such as weather conditions and strong winds can cause asymmetric instead of symmetric descent. In this paper, a numerical simulation of the asymmetric impact of a wedge, as the step of a flying boat, considering dynamic equations in two-phase flow is taken into account. The dynamic motion of the wedge in two-phase flow is solved based on finite volume method with volume of fluid (VOF) scheme considering dynamic equations. Then the effects of different angles of impact and water depth on the velocity change and slamming forces in an asymmetric impact are investigated. The comparison between the simulation results and experimental data verifies the accuracy of the method applied in the present study.