One-dimensional hybrid approach to extensive air shower simulation

An efficient scheme for one-dimensional extensive air shower simulation and its implementation in the program conex are presented. Explicit Monte Carlo simulation of the high-energy part of hadronic and electro-magnetic cascades in the atmosphere is combined with a numeric solution of cascade equations for smaller energy sub-showers to obtain accurate shower predictions. The developed scheme allows us to calculate not only observables related to the number of particles (shower size) but also ionization energy deposit profiles which are needed for the interpretation of data of experiments employing the fluorescence light technique. We discuss in detail the basic algorithms developed and illustrate the power of the method. It is shown that Monte Carlo, numerical, and hybrid air shower calculations give consistent results which agree very well with those obtained within the corsika program.     

Consistent tangent operators for constitutive rate equations

A general approach for obtaining the consistent tangent operator for constitutive rate equations is presented. The rate equations can be solved numerically by the user's favourite time integrator. In order to obtain reliable results, the substepping in integration should be based on a control of the local error. The main ingredient of the consistent tangent operator, namely the derivative of the stress with respect to the strain increment must be computed simultaneously with the same integrator, applied to a numerical approximation of the variational equations. This information enables finite‐element packages to assemble a consistent tangent operator and thus guarantees quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iterations. Several numerical examples with a hypoplastic constitutive law are given. As numerical integrator we used a second‐order extrapolated Euler method. Quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iteration is shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Boussinesq型方程的钱塘江涌潮数值模拟

钱塘江因其恢弘的涌潮现象而举世闻名,对钱塘江涌潮形成机理的探究具有理论与应用双重价值.本文建立了考虑非线性、频散以及耗散作用的二维高阶Boussinesq型方程,并结合有限体积数值方法来描述钱塘江涌潮这一物理过程,复演了最具代表性的"交叉潮"、"一线潮"和"回头潮"三大潮景,同时展现了涌潮的二次自由面起伏现象,重现了钱...     

电磁波层析成像100例的统计分析

本文给出了最近十二年间１００个电磁波层析成像实例的统计资料，分析了电磁波层析的勘查精度与像元尺寸的关系，以及电波仪的频率设置，野外测量时的覆盖次数、方程组的欠定性等问题，并得出结论：为了提高电磁波层析的实用水平，需要研制频带宽、功率大和天线短的新一代电波仪；也需要研究欠定方程组模式下的成像方法和重建算法。与此同时，叙述了重建算法研究了模型设计与实际情况脱节的不足之处。     

基于C＋＋类的快速实现测量数据数值计算的方法研究

采用面向对象的程序设计思想,基于C＋＋语言实现了矩阵类,避免了用二维数组来处理矩阵运算时遇到的大量繁琐问题。同时,在矩阵类的基础上实现了线性方程组类,对几种常用的求解线性方程组的算法进行了封装,便于进行频繁的调用。     

浅水方程模拟中确定糙率的回归系数法

基于水流模拟本身就是模拟模型回归求真(即实体原型)过程的认识,从模拟模型和实体原型之间的相关关系出发,应用统计学中的线性回归分析方法,通过回归系数建立了模型与原型糙率系数之间的关系式,提出了二维浅水方程模拟中糙率确定的回归系数法。数值试验表明,该方法并不依赖于糙率系数的初值,具有稳定性好、收敛速度快的特点;对磨刀门水道水流的数值模拟应用显示,该方法能有效地改善模拟计算的精度,具有较好的适应能力,简便实用,为二维浅水流动模拟计算时率定糙率系数提供了一种有效途径。     

带TVB限制器的RKDG方法与浸入边界方法在Euler方程中的应用

在求解Euler方程时,带TVB限制器的Runge-Kutta间断有限元(RKDG)方法是一种高精度、高并行效率的方法,而浸入边界方法是一种较新颖且对网格要求较低的方法,适用于处理复杂几何外形的边界.尝试了将上述2种方法结合起来求解Euler方程在笛卡尔网格上具有复杂几何外形的物体绕流问题,数个经典算例的数值结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

Predicting aboveground biomass of woody encroacher species in semi-arid rangelands,Ethiopia

Species-specific allometric models were developed to predict aboveground biomass (AGB) of eight woody species in the Borana rangelands, Ethiopia. The 23 equations developed (8 species; three biomass components: total aboveground, stem and branches) fit the data well to predict total AGB and by components for each of the species (r² > 0.70; p < 0.001). The AGB of tree shaped species (e.g., Acacia bussei and Acacia etabaica) were significantly predicted from a single predictor (circumference of the stem at ankle height), with a high coefficient of determination (r² > 0.95; p < 0.001). In contrast, the AGB of bushy shrubs (e.g., Acacia oerfota) was more effectively predicted by using the canopy volume (r² = 0.84; p < 0.001). Shrubs with a tall stem and an umbrella-like canopy structure (e.g., Acacia mellifera) were most accurately predicted by a combination of both circumference of the stem at ankle height and canopy volume (r² = 0.95; p < 0.001). Hence, our species-specific allometric models could accurately estimate their woody aboveground biomass in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem of southern Ethiopia. These equations will help in future carbon-trade discussions in times of climate change and CO₂ emission concerns and mitigation strategies.     

Mean-field equations for weakly nonlinear two-scale perturbations of forced hydromagnetic convection in a rotating layer

We consider stability of regimes of hydromagnetic thermal convection in a rotating horizontal layer with free electrically-conducting boundaries, to perturbations involving large spatial and temporal scales. Equations governing the evolution of weakly nonlinear mean perturbations are derived under the assumption that the α-effect is insignificant in the leading-order (e.g. due to a symmetry of the system). The mean-field equations generalise the standard equations of hydromagnetic convection: New terms emerge – a second-order linear operator representing the combined eddy diffusivity and quadratic terms associated with the eddy advection. If the perturbed CHM regime is nonsteady and insignificance of the α-effect in the system does not rely on the presence of a spatial symmetry, the combined eddy diffusivity operator also involves a nonlocal pseudodifferential operator. If the perturbed CHM state is almost symmetric, α-effect terms appear in the mean-field equations as well. Near a point of a symmetry-breaking bifurcation, cubic nonlinearity emerges in the equations. All the new terms are in general anisotropic. A method for evaluation of their coefficients is presented; it requires solution of a significantly smaller number of auxiliary problems than in a straightforward approach.