Characteristics analysis on high density spatial sampling seismic data

China＇s continental deposition basins are characterized by complex geological structures and various reservoir lithologies. Therefore, high precision exploration methods are needed. High density spatial sampling is a new technology to increase the accuracy of seismic exploration. We briefly discuss point source and receiver technology, analyze the high density spatial sampling in situ method, introduce the symmetric sampling principles presented by Gijs J. O. Vermeer, and discuss high density spatial sampling technology from the point of view of wave field continuity. We emphasize the analysis of the high density spatial sampling characteristics, including the high density first break advantages for investigation of near surface structure, improving static correction precision, the use of dense receiver spacing at short offsets to increase the effective coverage at shallow depth, and the accuracy of reflection imaging. Coherent noise is not aliased and the noise analysis precision and suppression increases as a result. High density spatial sampling enhances wave field continuity and the accuracy of various mathematical transforms, which benefits wave field separation. Finally, we point out that the difficult part of high density spatial sampling technology is the data processing. More research needs to be done on the methods of analyzing and processing huge amounts of seismic data.     

Effects of Gabor transform parameters on signa time-frequency resolution

In this paper, it is described that the time-frequency resolution of geophysical signals is affected by the time window function attenuation coefficient and sampling interval and how such effects are eliminated effectively. Improving the signal resolution is the key to signal time-frequency analysis processing and has wide use in geophysical data processing and extraction of attribute parameters. In this paper, authors research the effects of the attenuation coefficient choice of the Gabor transform window function and sampling interval on signal resolution. Unsuitable parameters not only decrease the signal resolution on the frequency spectrum but also miss the signals. It is essential to first give the optimum window and range of parameters through time-frequency analysis simulation using the Gabor transform. In the paper, the suggestions about the range and choice of the optimum sampling interval and processing methods of general seismic signals are given.     

高空间分辨率影像和多光谱影像融合的研究

从卫星影像的成像过程出发 ,揭示了卫星影像所含信息的物理内涵 ,从频率域特性出发得出了高空间分辨率影像和多光谱影像可以融合的物理基础 ,为寻找一种较好的融合方法提供了理论依据。     

The precision of sampling grain‐size percentiles using the Wolman method

The precision of sampling different grain‐size percentiles in comparison to each other is of signi?cance for choosing which percentile is appropriate to characterize riverbed surface sediments. The traditional view, based on normal grain‐size distributions derived by the Wolman grid‐by‐number method, has identi?ed the median percentile as having the highest sampling precision. However, grain‐size distributions are highly variable and often fail to follow a theoretical distribution. This paper presents both theoretical and empirical techniques to determine the precision of sampling different percentiles. These methods are then applied to a range of natural distributions found in UK rivers. It is found that grains between the 66th and 91st percentiles are the most precisely sampled, with maximum precision obtained with the 73rd percentile. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于水资源量与质相结合评价若干问题的探讨

以山西省为例，阐述了我国水文水资源工作中水量、水质监测及其评价工作的现状。指出虽然我国的水量监测与评价工作具有良好的理论基础和丰富的实践经验，但在水质监测与评价中还有很大不足，在水质采样频次、评价方法等方面存在着许多值得探讨的问题。同时对水质采样频次、污染物输移量的计算方法、水质与水量相结合的水质评价方法及可利用水量的分析方法等提出了一些看法。     

矿产地球化学调查采样密度理论初步研究

矿产地球化学采样密度受到地球化学景观、水系分布和地貌发展阶段的控制,分形面密度、流域面积比和比降系数揭示了三者的形成机制.采样密度因素模型是采样密度理论的基础,可以指导矿产地球化学调查采样密度和采样布局的制定.     

Determination of Discontinuity Size Distributions from Scanline Data

Summary The paper outlines a new method for estimating the distribution form, and mean size, of discontinuities from scanline data. By assuming that the discontinuities are circular discs it has been possible to apply existing solutions for the distributions of censored semi-trace lengths sampled by a scanline at an exposed rock face. These solutions have been implemented by numerical quadrature in a standard Excel spreadsheet, with solution optimisation achieved with Solver. Problems caused by a singularity in the integration were overcome by applying an integration offset parameter. A trigonometrical substitution for removing this singularity is also outlined. The numerical quadrature strategy was validated by comparison with the analytical solution for the uniform distribution, and by comparison with the results of an extensive geometrical simulation of the stereological process. A new distribution, here named the Wicksell distribution, has been identified. This distribution is characterised by the fact that the distribution of disc diameters and the distribution of complete traces on a cutting plane are identical. Two examples, based on real scanline data, are presented to illustrate the practical application of the new methods.     

浅议川南石屏井田SPMT-1号煤层气参数井采煤技术问题

SPMT—1号煤层气参数井位于川南煤田古叙矿区石屏井田。该井田煤层普遍较薄，且为粉煤和粉煤夹块煤，取心较难。本文主要阐述了采好煤心的技术措施，通过认真的分析研究和技术措施的运用，煤样采取率高，质量好，保证了参数井对煤层的取样要求。     

Estimation of Geological Attributes from a Well Log: An Application of Hidden Markov Chains

Geophysical well logs used in petroleum exploration consist of measurements of physical properties (such as radioactivity, density, and acoustic velocity) that are digitally recorded at a fixed interval (typically half a foot) along the length of the exploratory well. The measurements are informative of the unobserved rock type alternations along the well, which is critical for the assessment of petroleum reservoirs. The well log data that are analyzed here are from a North Sea petroleum reservoir where two distinct strata have been identified from large scale seismic data. We apply a hidden Markov chain model to infer properties of the rock type alternations, separately for each stratum. The hidden Markov chain uses Dirichlet prior distributions for the Markov transition probabilities between rock types. The well log measurements, conditional on the unobserved rock types, are modeled using Gaussian distributions. Our analysis provides likelihood estimates of the parameters of the Dirichlet prior and the parameters of the measurement model. For fixed values of the parameter estimates we calculate the posterior distributions for the rock type transition probabilities, given the well log measurement data. We then propagate the model parameter uncertainty into the posterior distributions using resampling from the maximum likelihood model. The resulting distributions can be used to characterize the two reservoir strata and possible differences between them. We believe that our approach to modeling and analysis is novel and well suited to the problem. Our approach has elements in common with empirical Bayes methods in that unspecified parameters are estimated using marginal likelihoods. Additionally, we propagate the parameter uncertainty into the final posterior distributions.