Detecting patterns in hyporheic community structure: Does sampling method alter the story?

Hyporheic invertebrates were sampled in six small headwater streams draining pine, pasture, and native forest catchments. Sites were sampled in autumn and spring using three different hyporheic sampling methods (colonisation pots, pump sampling, and freeze‐coring). Total invertebrate abundance and taxon richness differed significantly among sites on both sampling occasions for pump samples, whereas freeze‐coring did not discriminate among sites, and pot samples showed significant differences in autumn, but not in spring. Differences among sites with respect to community composition were not consistent between sampling methods. Community ordination indicated that samples from colonisation pots tended to group together, whereas pump and freeze core samples were widely separated. Differences across land uses were also apparent (native forest sites formed a distinct cluster separated from pine and pasture sites). Results suggest that colonisation pots may provide a pathway for the entry of epigean organisms into the hyporheic zone even when hydraulic connectivity between surface and hyporheic zones is low. Invertebrate abundance was very low in pump samples, and this method also captured the fewest taxa of the three methods. The size bias known to exist with pump sampling techniques may restrict the usefulness of the method when comparing streams of differing hydraulic conductivity.     

Distribution of fish in tributaries of the lower Taieri/Waipori rivers,South Island,New Zealand

The distribution of fish within eight small streams feeding into the lower Taieri and Waipori Rivers on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island was examined. A total of eight native and two introduced species were recorded. Eels (Anguilla spp.) and giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus Gmelin) were the most widely distributed species being located in all streams surveyed. Common bullies (Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall) and brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus) were also widely distributed being detected in seven and six of the streams respectively. Three streams of potential conservation significance were identified. These were Picnic Gully Creek which contained a significant population of banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus Gray), a Category C threatened species, and Cullens and Alex Creeks which contained significant populations of giant kokopu, a Category B threatened species. The population of giant kokopu in Cullens and Alex Creeks currently represents the largest known population of this species on the east coast of New Zealand (excluding Southland). It has been suggested that brown trout may influence the distribution of native galaxiids. The longitudinal distribution of giant kokopu and brown trout in streams was examined at night using a continuous spotlight sampling approach. Distributions of these two species rarely overlapped at a local scale. Coarse habitat use data indicated that brown trout regularly occupied a variety of habitat types including modified agricultural channels. In contrast, giant kokopu rarely used agricultural channels being predominantly located in pool habitats.     

Geotechnical properties of sediments from Walvis ridge,deep sea drilling project,leg 75, hole 532a∗

During Leg 75 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) from the D/V Glomar Challenger, a 200‐m deep hole was drilled at Hole 532A on the eastern side of Walvis Ridge at a water depth of 1331 m. Sediment cores were obtained by means of a hydraulic piston corer. All of the cores from this boring were designated for geotechnical studies and were distributed among eight institutions. The results of laboratory studies on these sediment cores were compiled and analyzed. Sediment properties, including physical characteristics, strength, consolidation, and permeability were studied to evaluate changes as a function of depth of burial. It was concluded that the sediment profile to the explored depth of 200 m at Walvis Ridge consists of approximately 50 m of foram‐nannofossil marl (Subunit la) over 64 m of diatom‐nannofossil marl (Subunit 1b) over nannofossil marl (Subunit lc) to the depth explored. All three sediment units appear to be normally consolidated, although some anomalies seem to exist to a depth of 120 m. No distinct differences were found among the sediment properties of the three subunits (la, 1b, and lc) identified at this site.     

大气电场,电流多路同步测量的数据实时采集和滚动显示记录系统

阐述了利用微机对大气电场及麦克斯韦电流密度进行实时多路长时间记录、显示的原理，操作方式及编程。在野外观测的基础获得了电场、电流密度的同步数字化资料，实现了电场、电流密度观测记录的自动化、该系统测量信号以模式所形式实时连续滚动显示在ＶＧＡ显示器上、数字化信号实时存储在计算机硬盘上，记录后的数据可再处理，也可再显示。     

全液压车载钻机在缺水地区化探取样中的应用研究

针对干旱、半干旱地区缺水的特点,结合化探取样的要求,采用全液压车载钻机空气潜孔锤钻进工艺。结合车载钻机在西北部地区化探取样工作中遇到的问题,由此采取的有效措施、总结取得的经验成果,为该地区工作的进一步开展提供一些参考;同时使空气正反循环工艺在浅层取样的应用上更加完善,更加成熟,给本行业的工程技术人员提供一些思路。     

天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法的室内试验研究

本研究提出的天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样方法是利用外部冷源在孔底降低水合物岩心温度,采用主动式降温的方法降低水合物的临界分解压力,达到被动式降压来抑制水合物分解,获得水合物岩心的方法。首先,通过分析天然气水合物温压特性得出了孔底冷冻取样方法的可行性;然后,借助室内冷冻模拟试验确定了干冰为冷冻剂,酒精作为助冷催化剂和载冷剂的冷冻方式;最后,依据冷冻模拟试验得出的干冰法冷冻方式研制了FCS型天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样器样机,并进行了土层钻进冷冻取样试验,取得冷冻黄土岩心。本研究提出天然气水合物孔底冷冻取样思想,为天然气水合物取样器的设计提供了新的思路。     

不同采样设计对估计鱼类空间格局指数的影响

查明渔业种群空间格局可为渔业资源的合理利用和管理提供参考依据.在渔业资源调查中,采样设计会影响调查分析结果的准确性和适用性.为查明采样设计对分析种群空间格局的影响,本文根据2016年10月、2017年2月、5月、8月在山东南部近海调查获得的数据,以星康吉鳗(Conger myri-aster)、方氏云鳚(Enedria...     

高精度动态频率测量系统

本文介绍了一种高精度动态频率测量系统。它能以较高的采样频率,对一动态变化的频率进行自动测量,并将数据存盘。即使被测频率比较低,仍能取得很高的测量精度。     

An evaluation of an automated hollow-fibre ultrafiltration apparatus for the isolation of colloidal materials in natural waters

Colloidal materials and macromolecules that are less than 0.45 mircons in diameter can act to transport both hydrophobic and hydrophilic contaminations in subsurface waters. An automated hollow-fibre ultrafiltration apparatus is described and evaluated regarding its ability to physically size and isolate colloidal materials from natural waters. Sufficient size-fractionated colloidal samples can be obtained from 60 litre samples to perform inorganic, organic, and radionuclide characterizations, as well as allow the binding capacities of humic and fulvic materials to be evaluated. Samples processed in the field with the automated system were compared with laboratory analyses using single cartridge hollow-fibre ultrafilters and found to agree well with each other. Typical sample reproducibilities were with 15 per cent. The results indicate that field collection of colloidal materials is feasible with minimal sample perturbation using the automated sampler.     

Sampling‐surface orientation and clast macrofabric in periglacial colluvium

To isolate the influence of sampling‐surface orientation on the macrofabric of periglacial colluvial deposits, clast orientation measurements were obtained from seven paired horizontal and vertical exposures in turf‐banked solifluction lobes on Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range. Most samples form moderately strong, upslope‐plunging clusters aligned with the local slope orientation. Fabrics obtained from vertical faces were stronger than those from horizontal exposures in six of the pairs. Near‐horizontal sampling surfaces yield less biased results than vertical exposures, owing to operator perceptions, procedural difficulties, and the relative thinness of the layer affected by colluvial processes. Sampling procedures must be standardized before comparative studies of colluvium can yield reliable results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.