Seasonal and gender-related differences in morphometric features and cellular and biochemical parameters of Carcinus aestuarii from the Lagoon of Venice

In this study, the seasonal variations in the morphometric features and in the cellular and biochemical parameters of the haemolymph were investigated in both male and female crabs (Carcinus aestuarii). Crabs were seasonally (November 2010–August 2011) collected from the Lagoon of Venice, and the moult stage, weight, width and length of the carapace, and width and length of the bigger chela were evaluated. In addition, the total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte diameter and volume, haemolymph glucose and total protein levels, and haemolymph phenoloxidase (PO) and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were measured. The results demonstrated that the collected crabs were all in the intermoult stage and that the males were bigger than the females. A two-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of season on the THC and the haemocyte volume and a significant influence of gender on the haemocyte diameter. Season and gender significantly affected the haemolymph glucose concentration, whereas haemolymph protein levels were dependent only on the season. In addition, both season and gender significantly influenced the PO and NAG activities in the haemolymph. Overall, the results demonstrated that crab morphometric features as well as haemolymph cellular and biochemical parameters varied markedly as a function of both season and gender.     

饥饿胁迫条件下黑鮸（Miichthys miiuy）仔鱼的生长与存活过程研究

采用实验生态学方法研究了延迟投饵对黑鮸仔鱼摄食、存活生长及体成分组成的影响。结果表明,在24℃,仔鱼在3日龄时开口摄食,4日龄时卵黄囊吸收完毕,6日龄仔鱼如不能建立外源性营养即进入饥饿死亡不可逆点（PNR）,而延迟投饵3天（6日龄）以上的仔鱼在8日龄前全部死亡。正常投喂仔鱼（16％）和延迟投饵1天仔鱼（15％）的存活率明显高于延迟2天投饵仔鱼（9％）。它们的高死亡（日死亡率为5％-6.5％）集中发生在3-8日龄期间,但低于3-7日龄内延迟投饵3天和完全饥饿仔鱼（日死亡率为18.5％）。在7日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼（9.9％）的特殊生长率（SGR）明显高于延迟投饵仔鱼（4.6％-8.4％）。在36日龄时,正常投喂仔鱼与延迟投饵1天仔鱼之间的生长差异消失,与延迟投饵2天的仔鱼之间的生长差异显著。延迟投饵引起开口摄食阶段仔鱼体内脂肪和蛋白质含量明显减少,但延迟投饵1-2天的存活仔鱼在后期发育过程中可以达到正常投饵仔鱼的营养水平。因此,不论在养殖条件下还是在自然水域,黑鮸仔鱼必须在开口后2天之内建立起主动摄食能力才可能保证其仔鱼的正常发育、生长和存活。     

急性温度应激对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生化指标和肝脏HSP70 mRNA 表达的影响

采用温度应激的方法,将尼罗罗非鱼在26℃下驯养3周后,直接放入16℃、21℃、26℃(对照)、31℃和35℃水环境中,在不同温度应激后(0—24h)对鱼体血液和肝脏生化指标及其肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量变化进行了研究。结果表明,各实验组(除对照组外)血清皮质醇水平显著上升(P<0.05)。16℃组血清葡萄糖水平在24h时显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白水平与谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶活力和肝脏HSP70mRNA表达量在0—24h内基本呈先上升后下降的变化。24h后,16℃组血清甘油三酯含量显著上升,而胆固醇含量显著下降(P<0.05)。16℃和35℃组肝脏丙二醛含量随着应激时间的延长而上升,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力均呈先上升后下降的变化。温度应激可显著改变罗非鱼的非特异性免疫力、抗氧化能力以及肝脏HSP70mRNA的表达水平。在实际养殖生产中,应密切关注温度的变化,降低温度胁迫对鱼体免疫机能的影响。     

湖南黑色岩系中的钒矿床

湖南沉积型钒矿床主要分布于武陵山区、雪峰山区和湘中龙山地区等。钒矿床赋存于下寒武统底部黑色岩系层位中,以含钒伊利石形式存在,并伴有Ni、Mo、Cu、U多种元素。其成矿作用受雷峰运动后形成的坳陷盆地边缘陆棚沉积环境所控制,其富集与有机质和生物化学成矿有关。     

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性生殖系统发育过程中生化成分的季节变化

采用生化方法测定了中华绒螯蟹雄性生殖系统及肝胰腺各组织中甘油三酯、胆固醇、蛋白质、葡萄糖和糖原含量的季节变化。结果表明，全年胆固醇含量在肝胰腺、血淋巴和精巢中均有2个高峰，分别在6月和12月、7月和12月、9月和次年1月，且第二峰值均明显高于第一峰值；肝胰腺葡萄糖含量最高值出现在6月，之后逐渐下降，而血淋巴和精巢则在7月，之后亦逐渐下降；肝胰腺和血淋巴出现糖原峰值的时间和葡萄糖相似，但精巢在9月，而副性腺在8月时已达到较高含量，最高值出现在次年1月；蛋白质的变化与上述3种物质基本相似，但血淋巴出现峰值的时间要早于肝胰腺。上述各生化成分变化的先后顺序和连续性表明，肝胰腺内上述物质在进入性腺快速发育期前，经血淋巴向精巢和副性腺转移，精巢对胆固醇和葡萄糖的积累要早于副性腺，这些物质的变化与生殖周期存在明显的相关性。肝胰腺中甘油三酯始终处于积累状态，而精巢和副性腺在前期对甘油三酯的积累极少，直至后期才略有上升，表明甘油三酯并非性腺发育所必需。     

Physiological disturbance of the Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,by altered environmental conditions in a tidal flat on the west coast of Korea

To examine the influence of habitat alteration by tideflat reclamation on the physiological ecology of Ruditapes philippinarum, seasonal variations in its condition, gross biochemical composition, and reproductive cycle were compared for a yearly cycle between a reclaimed flat (Gomsohang, GS) and a natural flat (Hajun, HJ) in Gomso Bay, Korea. Concentrations of chlorophyll a and seston (as well as its energy value as food available to the clam) were consistently higher at HJ than at GS. Condition, dry tissue weight, and energy reserves (proteins and carbohydrates) of the clams were much higher at HJ than at GS during spring–summer, when fast growth and gametogenic development occur. Furthermore, their spring gametogenic development and spawning were advanced at HJ compared with GS. Our results suggest that the Manila clam encounters nutritionally stressful environmental conditions in altered habitats after tideflat reclamation that lead to lowered nutrient accumulation and a changing reproductive cycle.     

ADM1‐Based Robust Interval Observer for Anaerobic Digestion Processes

A robust state estimation scheme is proposed for anaerobic digestion (AD) processes to estimate key variables under the most uncertain scenarios (namely, uncertainties on the process inputs and unknown reaction and specific growth rates). This scheme combines the use of the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), the interval observer theory and a minimum number of measurements to reconstruct the unmeasured process variables within guaranteed lower and upper bounds in which they evolve. The performance of this robust estimation scheme is evaluated via numerical simulations that are carried out under actual operating conditions. It is shown that under some structural and operational conditions, the proposed robust interval observer (RIO) has the property of remaining stable in the face of uncertain process inputs, badly known kinetics and load disturbances. It is also shown that the RIO is indeed a powerful tool for the estimation of biomass (composed of seven different species) from a minimum number of measurements in a system with a total of 32 variables from which 24 correspond to state variables.     

高光谱技术提取植被生化参数机理与方法研究进展

概述了目前利用高光谱技术估测地表植被生化参数理论与技术的最新研究进展,着重介绍了前人为提高遥感精度不断改进从光谱数据中提取植被生化参数的一些方法和理论,重点论述了提高遥感信息的信噪比（SNR）、改进遥感数据的分析方法、植被物理参数的细化和逐步确定,是目前植被生化参数遥感估测研究的前沿领域和科学问题,为人们尽快全面了解高光谱技术在植被生化参数方面应用进展和方法拓展,提供了条件、概貌和综论。