Growth of Plankton (Scenedesmus acutus (Chlorophyceae) and Moina macracopa (Cladocera)) on Domestic Wastewater

The population growth of the freshwater chlorophyte, Scenedesmus acutus and the cladoceran Moina macrocopa cultured in the laboratory and in microcosms of a wastewater treatment plant was studied. S. acutus was cultured in a defined algal medium and mixed with wastewater. On diets of S. acutus cultured using Bold medium or a mixture with wastewater, the peak densities of M. macrocopa were 6–7 ind. mL^?1, while on a diet of algae cultured on wastewater alone the cladoceran density fluctuated around 2 ind. mL^?1. Population growth rates of M. macrocopa, which ranged from 0.3 to 0.4 d^?1, were significantly lower on alga cultured in wastewater alone. The body size structure of M. macrocopa was larger on algae cultured in Bold medium than in wastewater. Peak densities of M. macrocopa were around 700 ind. L^?1 when the organic matter in the containers was supplemented with algae but it reached lower densities (400 ind. L^?1) when cultured on the organic matter in wastewater alone. Our study indicates that the nutrients in the final stages of wastewater treatment can support the growth of both phytoplankton and zooplankton.     

Bioassay‐directed fractionation for analyzing estrogens in surface waters of the German Baltic Sea

A reversed‐phase fractionation method with subsequent biological and chemical analysis has been developed to estimate the contributions of the most potent estrogens to observed estrogenic effect potentials. Surface water samples were taken in the German Baltic Sea (Inner Wismar Bay and Darss Peninsula, sampling campaign July 2003) and were separated into seven individual fractions. Three fractions showed significant estrogenic activities and clear dose‐dependant responses were obtained in the yeast estrogen screen (YES). In the 2nd fractions liquid chromatographic‐electrospray‐tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐ESI‐MS‐MS) analyses showed the presence of bisphenol A (Inner Wismar Bay: 4.8 ng L^–1 and 6 ng L^–1; Darss Peninsula: 0.91 ng L^–1 and 1.7 ng L^–1) and ethinylestradiol (Inner Wismar Bay: 2.0 ng L^–1 and 6.0 ng L^–1; Darss Peninsula: < MDL and 1.7 ng L^–1), whereas estrogenic activities in the YES were only around 10% of the positive control E2. Although not identified prior in the total extract the natural hormones estradiol (Inner Wismar Bay: 0.13 ng L^–1 and 0.19 ng L^–1; Darss Peninsula: 0.12 ng L^–1 and 0.16 ng L^–1) and estriol (Inner Wismar Bay: < MDL and 0.33 ng L^–1; Darss Peninsula: < MDL) could be detected in the 3rd fractions, where high estrogenic potentials could be observed. The 4th fractions showed high responses as well and estrone were herein quantified with concentrations of 0.16 ng L^–1 and 0.18 ng L^–1 (Darss Peninsula) up to 0.37 ng L^–1 (Inner Wismar Bay). Measured and calculated estradiol equivalents for individual fractions correlated very well (R² = 0.78), when disregarding results of the 2nd fraction, where high deviations occurred.     

2005年春季广东近岸海域麻痹性贝毒素的特征分析

于2005年3~5月,在广东省近岸海域的27个采样点(从东到西覆盖整个广东省沿海,包括了广东省的12大重点海湾海水养殖区)进行了贝类样品采集,共采集了35个品种120个样品。采用小白鼠生物检测法对麻痹性贝毒素(PSP)的检测结果表明,其3、4和5月采集的样品均检测出毒性值,2005年春季广东近岸海域的PSP呈现出以下主要特征:(1)PSP的检出率和含量值均较低。在120个检测的样品中,只有13个样品检测出PSP毒性数据,检出率为10.8%;检出PSP范围为每100 g贝类软组织含152~198 MU。其中北津港(东平)的托氏毛蚶和神泉港(神泉)的近江牡蛎样品,在1 h内小白鼠的致死率都非常高,但毒性并不强。所有检测出的PSP毒性数据值均大大低于我国目前暂定的警戒标准:每100 g贝类软组织含80μg STXeq(对KM系小白鼠而言,相当于每100 g贝类软组织含约423 MU)。2005年春季广东近岸海域海水水温偏低可能是一个重要原因。(2)感染PSP毒性的生物品种不多。在已检测的35个贝类品种中,只有8个品种检测出PSP毒性数据,占被检测总品种数的22.8%。牡蛎的PSP检出率相对较高,而其它常见品种如文蛤和翡翠贻贝的PSP检出率均较低,华贵栉孔扇贝未检出PSP。(3)PSP的地理分布范围较广。从检测出PSP毒性数据的样品的地理分布来看,范围较广,从东到西几乎包括了整个广东省沿海。其中北津港6个样品中,有2个检测出PSP毒性数据,PSP最高值也出现在北津港(东平)。广东12个大重点海湾海水养殖区,除红海湾、大亚湾、大鹏湾及海陵湾4个大重点海湾海水养殖区外,其它8个大重点海湾海水养殖区均检测出PSP,占12个大重点海湾海水养殖区总数的66.7%。在以前未检出的多处海水养殖区也能检出PSP。并就有关问题进行了讨论。     

几种海产双壳贝类血淋巴中抗菌物质的诱导及其活性测定

以贻贝（Mytilus edulis)，毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata)，海湾扇贝（Argopecten irdians)和菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinesis)为试验材料，分别用活的和灭活的大肠杆菌为诱导物进行诱导，采用3种革兰氏阳性细菌和3种革兰氏阴性细菌作为指示菌，对4种供试双壳贝类血淋巴进行抗菌活性测定，结果表明：（1）贻贝在诱导前其血淋巴对金黄色葡萄球菌和四联微球菌有抑菌活性，免疫诱导可使血淋巴对鳗弧菌出现抑菌作用；（2）毛蚶在诱导前其血淋巴中含有对金黄色葡萄球菌和鳗弧菌有抑菌活性的物质，诱导对这两种菌的抑菌活性有明显的提高，但未诱导出对另外4种供试细菌有活性的物质；（3）海湾扇贝在诱导前其血淋巴对所有供试细胞均无抑菌活性，但经诱导后产生对金黄色葡萄球菌，副溶血弧菌和鳗弧菌有抑菌活性的物质，且活菌诱导比灭活诱导效果好；（4）菲律宾蛤仔在诱导前其血淋巴仅对金黄色葡萄球菌和鳗弧菌表现出抑菌活性，经诱导后其血淋巴不仅对这两种菌的抑菌活性增强，而且还诱导出对副溶血弧菌有抑菌活性的物质。     

Toxicity assessment of New Zealand and Pacific dinoflagellates Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) extracts using bioassays

The dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis produces palytoxin-like compounds (PLTXs) and the genus Gambierdiscus produces ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxin (MTX). Human illness has been recorded following the consumption of CTX-contaminated finfish. Their effects on the flora and fauna in the environment are largely unexplored. Toxin profiles of extracts of Ostreopsis and Gambierdiscus isolates from the Pacific region were characterised using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sea urchin (Evechinus chloriticus) fertilisation was unaffected by any algal extracts, but extracts containing maitotoxin-3 (MTX-3, but not MTX or CTXs), or with high concentrations of PLTXs, were toxic to urchin larval development. Gambierdiscus extracts containing CTXs elicited toxic responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity assays; extracts containing only MTX-3 elicited a limited response. Ostreopsis extracts containing PLTXs caused no response. The results demonstrate potential impacts of toxic dinoflagellates on larval organisms and the potential of embryonic assays as toxicity screening tools.