Fatigue analysis of offshore well conductors: Part II – Development of new approaches for conductor fatigue analysis in clays and sands

This paper, Part II, presents two soil modelling approaches developed specifically for fatigue analysis of well conductors. The first approach uses Winkler springs and can account for soil damping. The second approach is based on continuum soil mechanics and uses the kinematic hardening principles. They focus on cyclic soil behaviour at the steady-state condition. The paper demonstrates appropriateness of the approaches in predicting fatigue damage through comparisons with the centrifuge fatigue lives measured from the Series 1 tests in NC to lightly OC kaolin clay. It also presents and discusses the analyzed data and the fatigue lives measured from the Series 2 (medium-dense sand), Series 3 (NC to lightly OC GoM clay), and Series 4 (OC natural clay) tests. Finally, soil models (based on the first approach) are presented for fatigue analysis of well conductors installed in NC to lightly OC clays, over-consolidated (OC) clays and medium-dense sands, and their ability to predict conductor fatigue damage under wide range of loading conditions is demonstrated. Overall, the accuracy of fatigue life predictions using these novel soil models is very high – generally within about a few percentages of the measured values.     

Fatigue analysis of offshore well conductors: Part I – Study overview and evaluation of Series 1 centrifuge tests in normally consolidated to lightly over-consolidated kaolin clay

An important aspect of deepwater well integrity assurance is conductor fatigue analysis under environmental loads acting on the riser system during drilling operation. Fatigue damage arises from stress changes in a structure due to cyclic loading. In practice, the lateral cyclic soil response is typically modelled using Winkler p–y springs. An appropriate soil model for conductor–soil interaction analysis is the one based on which the absolute magnitudes of stresses and their changes can accurately be predicted for well integrity evaluation. The API recommendations for p–y curves, which are often used for conductor–soil interaction analysis, have originally been developed for piled foundation and are inappropriate for well fatigue analysis. To that end, an extensive study involving four series of centrifuge model tests and FE numerical analyses was conducted to fundamentally study conductor–soil interaction under a wide spectrum of loading conditions. The tests simulated conductor installations in normally to over consolidated clays, and medium-dense clean sands. Soil models were developed specifically for conductor fatigue analysis for each of the soil types. The test results and soil models are presented in two papers. The first paper, Part I, presents an overview of the study and first series tests in normally to lightly over-consolidated kaolin clay and discusses the observations made with regards to monotonic and cyclic soil resistances and their relationship to conductor fatigue modelling. The second paper, Part II, presents centrifuge test results in normally to lightly over-consolidated Golf of Mexico (GoM) clay, over-consolidated natural clay and medium-dense clean sands along with the respective soil models developed for conductor fatigue damage prediction. Overall, the accuracy of fatigue life predictions using these novel soil models is very high – generally within about a few percentage of the measured values.     

First known Cretaceous glaciation: Livingston Tillite Member of the Cadna‐owie Formation,South Australia

A 2 m‐thick diamictite occurs near the base of the Cretaceous Eromanga Basin succession at Trinity Well, at the northern extremity of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. The diamictite consists of a matrix of silt‐ and clay‐size particles and a framework of sand and coarser materials up to small boulder size. Scanning electron microscope study reveals the presence of numerous quartz grains displaying extreme angularity and surface textures attributed to glacial crushing. Sandy sediments considered as fluvioglacial in origin and a locally developed facies displaying flow structures attributed to solifluction processes constitute the basal 3–5 m of the sequence. In places these directly underlie the diamictite and rest with angularity on Neoproterozoic Adelaidean strata. Conformably above the diamictite at the type locality ‘Recorder Hill’ is a sequence approximately 15 m thick of fine sand and silt units containing lonestones up to ～70 cm diameter and hummocky cross‐stratification. These sediments have been assigned to the Cadna‐owie Formation and are dated on palynology as Berriasian to Valanginian. The occurrence of diamictite containing glacially affected quartz grains contributes to our interpretation that the southern margin of the Eromanga Basin, and at least the adjacent part of the northern Flinders Ranges, were affected by glaciation in the Early Cretaceous. The associated dropstone and solifluction facies and nearby glendonite pseudomorphs after ikaite are further evidence of at least intermittent cold climates at this time.     

本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建立

县(市)地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建设是"全国县市地质灾害调查"专项项目的重要组成部分,本文阐述了以"县(市)地质灾害调查与区划信息系统"为基本建库工具,以MapGIS和FoxPro等软件为辅助工具,建立本溪市南芬区地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的过程.     

塔里木盆地英南2井侏罗系与志留系界限厘定及意义

塔里木盆地孔雀河斜坡区块多井获气流,是天然气勘探重要领域。通过岩电及古生物组合特征,结合成藏史对英南2井地层层序进行重新剖析。在此基础上搞清该区高产层归属问题,明确主要勘探目的层为志留系,为该区今后油气勘探提出新思路,指明了勘探方向。     

Early Palaeozoic carbonate reservoirs from the Yingshan Formation of Well block ZG‐43 in Tazhong Low Rise,Central Uplift,Tarim Basin,NW China: geological features and controlling factors

Marine carbonate reservoirs, as a focus of petroleum exploration and development in China, are involved with high exploration risk and prediction difficulty owing to high heterogeneity and diversity of reservoir beds. In the Tarim Basin, NW China, carbonate reservoirs host about 38% of the whole basin's hydrocarbon resources in a large prospecting area mainly distributed in the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in central (Tazhong) and northern (Tabei) Tarim. Recently, a better understanding has been made of the karsted weathering crust at the top of the Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the northern slope area of the Tazhong Low Rise, Central Uplift, Tarim Basin. As a new frontier of exploration, oil/gas distribution and controlling factors of carbonate reservoirs in the Yingshan Formation are not clearly understood. In this work, we investigated the reservoir beds and oil/gas properties in 13 wells in Well block ZG‐43 on the No. 10 structural belt in the Tazhong Low Rise, and studied hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics with seismic and geochemical data. The Yingshan Formation in Well block ZG‐43 is mainly composed of calcarenite, dolomitic limestone, dolomite, cryptite, as low porosity and low permeability reservoir beds, with fracture‐void porosity constituting the main reservoir pore space. Oil/gas is quasi‐layer distributed beneath the unconformity between the Yingshan and Lianglitag formations to a depth of 140 m. The oil in Well block ZG‐43 is condensate with low density, low viscosity, low sulphur, low resin, low asphaltene, and high wax. The gas is 87.3% methane, generally containing H₂S. The oil/gas distribution pattern is oil in the east and gas in the west, and H₂S content in the west is lower than that in the east. The controlling factors for hydrocarbon are multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging, interstratal karstification, hydrothermal activity, structural location and sealing condition. A structural–lithological trap is the main type of oil/gas accumulation. Oil/gas distribution was clearly affected by strike–slip faults. Oil/gas with multi‐source supply and multi‐phase charging was controlled by favourable local palaeo‐highs, and affected by later karsting and hydrothermal activity, as well as gas invasion in the Himalayan (Cenozoic) period. Under the caprock of compact limestone in the third to fifth members of the Lianglitag Formation, oil/gas migrated up along the strike–slip fault planes, and moved laterally to both sides in a ‘T’ shape, and formed large‐scale quasi‐layer condensate gas reservoirs controlled by reservoir bed quality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

井震选优法储层预测新技术在拐8井区的应用

目前储层描述主要有反演和地震属性2种方法,但在中拐地区应用效果都不理想,因此,井震相关选优法储层预测技术也就应运而生。该方法要求首先在地震上标定砂体的位置,然后在区内每口单井上划出砂厚,第三步在包含砂体的地震时窗内提取尽量多的地震属性,第四步用单井砂厚和地震属性做相关,找出相关性高的地震属性预测砂体,最后,结合正演指出区内含油气的有利区。该方法在研究区取得了很好的效果,具有很强的推广性。     

污染场地地下水调查布点及样品采集技术研究

地下水监测井布点和采样,是地下水污染调查的重要部分。由于污染场地的规模较小和其特殊性,很多区域地下水污染普查的方法并不完全适用于污染场地。本文结合地下水的分布及运动特征,从全面性、系统性、代表性、可行性、经济性五方面,阐述污染场地地下水调查布点应遵循的基本原则。同时,通过探讨国内外地下水采样的规范和要求,总结出适用于我国污染场地的地下水采样技术。     

Structural setting of the Southern Apennine fold-and-thrust belt (Italy) at hypocentral depth: The Calore Valley case history

The reconstruction of the main structural features of the Southern Apennines (Italy), in correspondence with the focal volume of some strong earthquakes that have affected this chain, can be attempted by analysing reflection seismic lines and deep well logs in comparison with surface geology.For instance, the Calore Valley and its surroundings have been the object of intense hydrocarbon exploration, and a wealth of subsurface data is available. Moreover, this area was affected by the 1688 Sannio earthquake (macroseismic magnitude 7.1), and a new location has recently been proposed for the related causative fault system. The present work defines the structural setting of the Southern Apennine chain in correspondence with this new location, and compares it with similar cases along the Italian peninsula.The analysis was focussed on the reconstruction of deep tectonic units (formed by the buried Apulia carbonate platform succession), which generally correspond to the hypocentral depths of strong earthquakes along the axis of the Southern Apennines. The results show that the Apulia platform succession is affected by three main thrusts, locally accompanied by backthrusts. The top of this succession is relatively shallow: the maximum depth does not exceed 1.8 s TWT (i.e. about 3500 m b.s.l.), while minimum depths occur in correspondence with the ramp anticlines culminations, at 0.5 s TWT (i.e. at about 500 m b.s.l.). Moreover, data suggest that the underlying Paleozoic basement is possibly involved in thrusting.In a regional perspective, extensional seismogenic structures along the axis of the Southern Apennines seem to share some common characteristics. Indeed, they develop (i) in correspondence with an uplifted Paleozoic basement; (ii) at the rear of a set of thrusts that account for the shallow Apulia units; (iii) at the surface, in proximity to the leading edge of a surficial tectonic unit formed by the Apennine carbonate platform succession. The 1688 seismogenic fault system fits in with these common traits. In the light of this, we finally speculate that these common characteristics in the architecture of the chain could provide a key to the location of the major seismicity along the axis of the Southern Apennines and an interpretative model for the identification of possible areas of seismic gap in this part of the Italian peninsula.     

太子河本溪城区段河流水生态系统健康评价

太子河作为本溪的主要河流,是本溪工业、农业、生活的主要水源,为了更好的了解太子河本溪城区段的水体情况,以太子河本溪城区段流域为研究对象,基于2017年的平水期（4月）、丰水期（8月）、枯水期（11月）18个监测断面的监测数据,结合太子河本溪城区段的实际情况和特点,利用层次分析法的评价指标体系,对太子河本溪城区段进行水生态系统健康评价。通过比较分析,最终以平水期的评价结果为主,丰水期和枯水期的评价结果为辅。结果表明：仅有22%的监测断面处于健康状态、56%的监测断面处于亚健康状态、22%的监测断面处于一般状态,说明太子河本溪城区段大部分流域处于亚健康状态,水生态系统退化,需要加强管理和治理保护。