延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测系统分析

随着经济建设的发展, 地电阻率定点观测区环境被干扰严重影响观测质量, 装置系统在地表布设的工作方式难以取得有效观测和持续发展, 因此装置系统向井下深部布设受到人们关注。 同时, 地表大极距观测方式难以持续发展, 也促使地电阻率定点观测向井下小极距观测方式发展。 井下小极距观测相比地表大极距观测占地面积小, 能较好地排除或减弱地表测区环境干扰对观测结果的影响, 既能适应经济发展的需要, 又能较好地为地震监测服务。 2018年, 在总结已建井下地电阻率台站布极方式和建设工艺的基础上, 新建延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测。 本文重点分析了延庆台井下小极距地电阻率观测装置系统建设中的几个关键问题, 如水平向和垂直向观测相结合、 布极方式、 电极制作和埋设深度等装置系统技术过程, 以及水平向和垂直向观测装置系数的计算等。 延庆台建设较好地获得了近全空间观测布设, 从理论上解决了井下小极距地电阻率建设的难点, 为将来要进行井下小极距地电阻率观测装置系统建设的台站提供参考。     

川滇地区井水位潮汐响应特性分析

利用Baytap-G潮汐分析软件对川滇地区12口观测井数字化水位的长时序数据进行计算, 提取井水位潮汐响应特征参数(振幅比和相位差), 分析其形态、 阶段变化等特征, 探讨地震前后井水位潮汐响应特征参数的变化情况, 为深入分析井水位与固体潮、 气压之间响应关系的研究提供新的方法和途径。 结果表明, 泸沽湖井等10口受固体潮影响的井水位振幅比和相位差变化相对稳定; 而南溪井和大姚井受到气压-固体潮综合作用影响的井水位振幅比和相位差变化则比较离散。 其中江油川10井、 泸沽湖井、 东川井等3口井水位振幅比和相位差对大震的响应显著, 并给出了地震能量密度与这三口井水位M₂波相位差和振幅比的变化关系。     

Application of a proportional-integral control for the estimation of static formation temperatures in oil wells

A strategy based on proportional-integral (PI) feedback control was applied to solve an inverse heat transfer problem for estimating static formation temperatures (SFTs) from logged temperatures in oil wells. The PI control feedbacks the error between logged and simulated temperatures during the shut-in time process, existing SFT proposal. Thus, mathematically speaking an inverse heat transfer problem was solved in this way, since SFT represents the initial conditions (which are unknown) to solve the partial differential equations governing the heat transfer process in the wellbore-formation system. The mathematical model considers transient convective heat transfer due to circulation losses to the rock surrounding a well. The methodology was tested analyzing two oil wells (MB-3007 and MB-3009) from the Gulf of Mexico and results were compared against two classic methods. The method presented in this work needs only one temperature measurement for each fixed depth to estimate the SFT.     

对气氡脱气装置改造的几点认识

拆除了格尔木井原气氡脱气装置,针对该井冷水、大流量的实际情况,自行设计、制造了一套新的脱气装置,在其后的气氡观测中取得了良好效果,通过对改造前后氡值的分析,充分认识到了合理的脱气装置的重要性,形成了几点新的看法.     

蒙皂石转化伊利石的数值模拟——溶解沉淀模型与化学动力学模型

提出了改进的溶解沉淀数学模型，在塔里木盆地塔中4井应用获得成功。该井石炭系的实例表明:该模型在粘土矿物内的模拟结果，与K Ar定年分析吻合，并接近于粘土矿物分析数据。实例指出:在较早提出的化学动力学模型、新近提出的溶解沉淀模型中，最敏感的参数都是活化能；将粘土矿物分析数据作为约束条件来校准活化能，是获得正确的蒙皂石史和伊利石史之关键。采用最佳活化能计算，可获得最佳模拟结果:①算出的伊利石开始生长的年代与K Ar定年分析吻合；②模拟结果与粘土矿物分析数据接近。通过实例还发现:溶解沉淀模型仅适用于粘土矿物内的转化问题，而化学动力学模型仅适用于伊/蒙间层内的转化问题。     

Assessment of well design and sustainability in hard-rock formations in northern Ghana

Some of the main problems in well construction are associated with installation of casing, especially in the overburden. A total of 1,485 lined and open wells, drilled in the hard rocks of the Precambrian basement complex and Palaeozoic sedimentary (Voltaian) formations in northern Ghana were studied. Of these, 500 were directly monitored. It was observed that the surfaces within the production zones of open wells had weathered, leading to silting and reductions in depth and yield, posing physical water-quality challenges. Also, the average life span of the open wells is about 15 years. The fully lined wells, on the other hand, perform very well with time, lasting for over 40 years on average, with a more sustainable physical water quality over their life span. The comparative cost of constructing an open well was found to be about 26% less than that of a lined well due to less construction material requirements. Although open wells may be relatively cheaper than lined wells to construct in hard rocks, the life span is shorter and should not be encouraged for groundwater exploitation especially in community or rural water supply schemes.     

陕西华县毕家乡井群宏观异常的化学成因

2005年3~10月,陕西省关中东部华县毕家乡东林场农业灌溉用井群体出现强烈的翻花、冒泡、响声现象,个别井水色浑浊。其历时之长,范围之广,在陕西省内近30年来少见。我们从中国地震局监测预报司编著的《地震前兆异常落实工作指南》的主导思想出发,对华县井水宏观异常现象进行了较为深入的现场取样调查、测量与分析,从化学成因的角度对这一宏观异常现象进行分析解释,所得结果得到了跨断层水准测量结果的佐证。认为该次井水的宏观气体异常作为当地地震短临前兆的依据不充分。最后给出了分析处理井水宏观气体异常现象的一些建议。     

Preliminary evidence of a link between surface soil properties and the arsenic content of shallow groundwater in Bangladesh

The extremely heterogeneous distribution of As in Bangladesh groundwater has hampered efforts to identify with certainty the mechanisms that lead to extensive mobilization of this metalloid in reducing aquifers. We show here on the basis of a high-resolution transect of soil and aquifer properties collected in Araihazar, Bangladesh, that revealing tractable associations between As concentrations in shallow (< 20 m) groundwater with other geological, hydrological, and geochemical features requires a lateral sampling resolution of 10–100 m. Variations in the electromagnetic conductivity of surface soils (5–40 mS/m) within a 500 m × 200 m area are documented with 560 EM31 measurements. The results are compared with a detailed section of groundwater As concentrations (5–150 μg/L) and other aquifer properties obtained with a simple sampling device, “the needle-sampler”, that builds on the local drilling technology. By invoking complementary observations obtained in the same area and in other regions of Bangladesh, we postulate that local groundwater recharge throughout permeable sandy soils plays a major role in regulating the As content of shallow aquifers by diluting the flux of As released from reducing sediments.     

Groundwater as an environmental constraint of longwall coal mining

Groundwater impacts are a common reason for opposition to longwall mining. Most impacts are due to subsidence-related fracturing. Although upper aquifers are protected from drainage to the mine by a confining zone, water levels decline due to fracture dilation, and drawdown expands outward a few hundred meters. Recovery of water levels is common.     

准噶尔盆地特殊地表的静校正应用

准噶尔盆地腹部三个泉凸起东地段，地表为沙漠、深沟、陡坎和戈壁。地形高差大，表层纵、横向速度、厚度变化大，表层结构十分复杂．不同的表层速度差异变化，都将会造成十分严重的中、长波长静校正问题，影响地震资料的信噪比和剖面成像．通过对野外低速带实际资料的分析及应用，在地震微测井资料的约束下，依据表层地质特征的变化规律，采用分片综合建模静校正方法，建立了较为准确的表层结构模型，获得了良好的效果，比较好地解决了地震剖面中的中、长波长静校正问题．