非均匀风沙起动规律研究

文章将非均匀沙水流起动研究方法中采用的暴露度的概念引入到天然风沙起动的研究中, 对暴露度的统计规律进行了分析。利用风沙颗粒起动时力矩平衡的条件, 建立了天然风沙起动公式, 用风洞试验资料进行了验证。计算结果表明, 在非均匀沙起动粒径与平均粒径相当的条件下, 混合沙的起动风速较小的结论, 与实际情况相符。说明在天然风沙起动研究中采用暴露度来反映风沙不均匀性对起动的影响是合理的。     

三峡库区支流底栖硅藻功能群特征及其驱动因子分析——以汝溪河为例

以三峡库区重要支流汝溪河为研究区域,分析汝溪河中底栖硅藻功能群季节演替特征,并探讨影响其季节演替的驱动因子.结果表明,3个水情期(平水期、枯水期及丰水期)共鉴定出底栖硅藻168种,隶属8科27属,共划分为B、C、D、L_O、MP、P、X3和T_B8个功能群,其中MP在3个水情期中均占主导地位.通过冗余分析(RDA)发现,汝溪河中底栖硅藻功能群季节演替的主要驱动环境因子为亚硝酸盐浓度、电导率、溶解性磷酸盐浓度、高锰酸钾指数和温度.     

厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎的种群动态与底栖环境

为了解鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎资源状况,2018年6月—2019年5月,调查厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎种群的个体数、软壳率、损伤率、头胸部长和宽、腹部长和剑尾长。结果表明:鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎个体数从2018年6月的12只增加到9月的37只,2018年12月和2019年1月未发现中国鲎,2019年3月增加到22只。2018年8—11月为中国鲎蜕壳期,2019年2—5月损伤率较高。2019年2月鳄鱼屿潮间带中国鲎种群的头胸部长和腹部长最大,分别为39.66 mm和31.20 mm,2019年5月头胸部长和腹部长最小,分别为22.93 mm和20.53 mm。2018年7月头胸甲宽和剑尾长最大,分别为60.42 mm和71.19 mm,2018年6月头胸甲宽和剑尾长最小,分别为43.93 mm和42.88 mm。厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带采集到大型底栖动物136种,优势类群主要是多毛类、甲壳类和双壳类。鳄鱼屿潮间带A、B、C 3个区的沉积物中均没有砾成分,从较高潮位(A区)到较低潮位(C区)砂和叶绿素a含量减少,而碳、氮、粉砂和黏土含量增加。由于受牡蛎养殖和池塘养殖等人类活动的影响,厦门鳄鱼屿潮间带的中国鲎种群及其栖息地较小。     

广东高温热浪致人体健康风险区划

本文采用国际上通用的自然灾害风险概念和分析方法,从高温热浪致人体健康风险的构成出发,分别构建了广东省高温热浪危险性指数、暴露度指数和承灾体脆弱性指数（含敏感性指数和适应性指数）,在定量化的风险指数基础上尝试进行风险区划研究。结果表明：高危险性区域位于广东东北部、西北部以及中部偏西地区,低危险性区域主要分布在沿海地区;人体健康高敏感性区域主要位于粤北和粤西,珠三角及粤东南沿海地区敏感性相对较低;适应性较高区域主要分布在珠三角地区,其他地区适应性较低,粤东和西南部分地区适应性最低;风险较高区域主要集中在粤东、粤西北和中部偏西及雷州半岛南部地区,风险较低区域主要在珠江三角洲及其以西沿海地区。该风险指数能较好地反映广东省高温热浪致人体健康风险的分布状况。     

Defining rates of landscape evolution in a south Tibetan graben with in situ‐produced cosmogenic 10Be

The Tangra Yum Co graben is one of the active structures that accommodate the east‐west extension of the southern Tibetan Plateau and hosts one of the largest Tibetan lakes, which experienced lake‐level changes of ~200 m during the Holocene. In this study, cosmogenic ¹⁰Be is employed to: (1) quantify catchment‐wide denudation rates in fault‐bounded mountain ranges adjacent to the Tangra Yum Co graben; (2) date palaeo‐shorelines related to the Holocene lake‐level decline; and (3) determine the age of glacial advances in this region. The fault‐bounded, non‐glaciated mountain range north of Tangra Yum Co – and presumably most other areas around the lake – erode at low rates of 10–70 mm/ka. Owing to the slow erosion of the landscape, the sediments delivered to Tangra Yum Co have high ¹⁰Be concentrations. As a consequence, accurate exposure dating of sediment‐covered terraces and beach ridges is difficult, because the pre‐depositional ¹⁰Be concentration may exceed the post‐depositional ¹⁰Be concentration from which exposure ages are calculated. This difficulty is illustrated by a rather inaccurate ¹⁰Be exposure age of 2.3 ± 1.4 ka (i.e. an error of 60%) for a terrace that is located 67 m above the lake. Nevertheless, the age is consistent with luminescence ages for a series of beach ridges and provides further evidence for the decline of the lake level in the late Holocene. At Tangra Yum Co exposure dating of beach ridges via ¹⁰Be depth profiles is not feasible, because the pre‐depositional ¹⁰Be component in these landforms varies with depth, which violates a basic assumption of this approach. ¹⁰Be ages for boulders from two moraines are much older than the early Holocene lake‐level highstand, indicating that melting of glaciers in the mountain ranges adjacent to Tangra Yum Co has not contributed significantly to the lake‐level highstand in the early Holocene. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of aspect and slope gradient on hydraulic conductivity measured by tension infiltrometer

A tension infiltrometer technique was used to characterize differences in hydraulic conductivity (K) in two rain‐fed hillsides (north‐facing and south‐facing) in central Chile. For the north‐facing locations, smaller values of K (at a range of supply water pressure heads ψ) compared with south‐facing locations were found, with accentuated differences close to saturation (zero pressure head). The differences were attributed to differences in texture and organic matter contents observed for the two sites. Furthermore, K(ψ) had a tendency to increase with increasing slope gradient. This tendency was to an extent explained by the deviation from requirements of measurements on level ground. The differences found in K(ψ) between different slope gradients were explained by the differences in the vertical and lateral hydraulic conductivity and by the occurrence of surface sealing in low slope plots. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京哺乳期女性及婴幼儿多环芳烃暴露风险变化特征

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于水圈、生物圈、岩石圈和大气圈的持久性有机污染物,并在各种环境介质中交换、迁移,从而影响人体健康。以母乳为介质,评价哺乳期女性和婴幼儿PAHs暴露风险具有重要意义。早期研究表明,北京母乳中PAHs浓度在全球范围内处于较高水平。本文项目组在2012—2016年间,连续采集北京地区30位哺乳期女性6个月母乳,并检测其中PAHs浓度,旨在掌握该地区母乳中PAHs残留水平、婴幼儿的暴露量,以及哺乳期母体和婴幼儿暴露风险的变化趋势与特征。通过对30位女性分娩后连续6个月内180个母乳中15种PAHs的监测,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)测定其含量,初步研究结果表明:①15种PAHs都有检出,其中检出浓度和检出率高的单体化合物包括菲、芴、苊烯、蒽、苊和荧蒽。母乳样品中Σ_(15)PAHs的浓度均值为348μg/kg脂质,与2005年该地区的报道值相比有下降趋势。②15种PAHs和7种高致癌活性PAHs的苯并[a]芘的等效致癌活性(BaP_(eq))浓度分别为8.53μg/kg脂质和7.89μg/kg脂质,婴幼儿每日暴露估算值分别为1.51μg/day/kg b.w.和0.19μg/day/kg b.w.,均比2005年有所下降,但高于捷克、美国、土耳其等国家婴幼儿在母乳喂养期的暴露量,低于我国兰州等重工业城市最新暴露量研究结果。③整个哺乳期,母乳中PAHs的总浓度没有明显下降趋势,但冬季可能由于采暖增加了大气中PAHs的排放,使得母乳样品中15种PAHs总浓度明显高于夏季、秋季和春季。SPSS双变量相关分析结果表明,母乳中15种PAHs的总浓度与母体年龄、身体质量指数和母乳脂肪含量不存在相关性。未来工作中需要更加充足的样品分析数据进一步证实以上研究结果。     

Field estimate of paleoseismic slip on a normal fault using the Schmidt hammer and terrestrial LiDAR: Methods and application to the Hebgen fault (Montana,USA)

The weathering characteristics of bedrock fault scarps provide relative age constraints that can be used to determine fault displacements. Here, we report Schmidt hammer rebound values (R‐values) for a limestone fault scarp that was last exposed in the 1959 Mw 7.3 Hebgen Lake, Montana earthquake. Results show that some R‐value indices, related to the difference between minimum and maximum R‐values in repeated impacts at a point, increase upward along the scarp, which we propose is due to progressive exposure of the scarp in earthquakes. An objective method is developed for fitting slip histories to the Schmidt hammer data and produces the best model fit (using the Bayesian Information Criterion) of three earthquakes with single event displacements of ≥ 1.20 m, 3.75 m, and c. 4.80 m. The same fitting method is also applied to new terrestrial LiDAR data of the scarp, though the LiDAR results may be more influenced by macro‐scale structure of the outcrop than by differential weathering. We suggest the use of this fitting procedure to define single event displacements on other bedrock fault scarps using other dating techniques. Our preliminary findings demonstrate that the Schmidt hammer, combined with other methods, may provide useful constraints on single event displacements on exposed bedrock fault scarps. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON LUMINESCENCE DATING OF ROCK SURFACES AND ITS APPLICATION

There are many examples of exposed or buried rock surfaces whose age is of interest to geologists and archaeologists. Luminescence dating is a well-established method of absolute chronology which has been successfully applied to a wide range of fine-grained sediments from hundreds of years to several hundred thousand years. Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been recently proposed as a new method to date these rock surfaces (Laskariset al., 2011; Sohbatiet al., 2012a; Chapotet al., 2012; Pedersonet al., 2014; Sohbatiet al., 2015; Freieslebenet al., 2015). The basic principle is that luminescence signal of rock surface will soon decay when the rock is exposed to sunlight. When the rock surface is turned to be buried side, the OSL signal begins to accumulate again. With the variation of residual luminescence with depth, it is possible to estimate exposure and burial history of the rock. This article describes briefly the different luminescence dating methods for rock surfaces, its progress, application examples and present problems. For instance, Sohbatiet al. (2011) studied the depth dependence of the bleaching of the IRSL signal from granitic rocks, Laskaris and Liritzis (2011) proposed a mathematical function to describe the attenuation of daylight into rock surfaces, Sohbatiet al. (2012a) developed their model to include the environmental dose rate, Sohbatiet al. (2012b) overcame the problem of parameter estimation by using a known-age road-cut sample for calibration, Sohbatiet al. (2012c) further developed the OSL surface exposure dating model by including the simultaneous effect of daylight bleaching and environmental dose rate, and so on. These studies indicate that OSL dating method for rock surface can be applied widely to studies of geological and geomorphological evolution, archeology and Quaternary tectonic activity.     

Clast exposure on boulder-covered desert slopes

Variation in the degree of clast exposure on stony desert slopes is examined in an area of northeast Jordan. Geological influences on the characteristics of stone mantles are modified by relative slope position. Observations that the nature of the surface stone cover changes downslope because of the transport and accumulation of the underlying substrate are confirmed by quantitative analysis. An elliptic function is described as a means of estimating relative clast exposure from simple field measurements of clast dimensions. There are no significant differences in mean clast exposure between the four main basalt lithologies of the study area, but a distinctive pattern of clast exposure catenas can be identified. Convex slopes maintain relatively high levels of clast exposure from crest to toe. About two-thirds of the variation in clast exposure is accounted for by lithology and four slope variables: relative relief, slope length, gradient and curvature. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.