金江滑坡成因离散元模拟

在对金江巨型滑坡的工程环境条件及现今坡体物质组成、自身结构及变形破坏特征等方面调查研究的基础上,宏观判断滑坡为整体式滑移-弯曲破坏模式。为直观反映滑坡变形破坏的过程,根据对滑坡区基岩结构特征的分析,采用离散元软件2D_Block对滑坡成因机制进行模拟。根据滑坡普遍发育的地形地貌特征,恢复滑坡区原始斜坡地形,根据岩体结构划分模型计算单元,将地震效应考虑进2D_Block模型参数中。通过计算,展现了滑坡的发展演化过程,并将其分为三个阶段,即轻微隆起阶段、强烈隆起阶段、滑面贯通剪出阶段。     

Characteristics and implication of clay minerals in the northern and southern parts of the Chelung-pu fault, Taiwan

In this study, we report the characteristics of clay minerals present in the Chelung-pu fault in Taiwan. In the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, different slip motions were recorded along the Chelung-pu fault in the northern and southern parts of the fault. The characteristics of clay minerals present in the fault zones can be attributed to the differences in motion. We analyzed the shallow drill core samples obtained from the northern and southern sites penetrating the fault. The clay minerals identified in most of the samples from both the sites are smectite, illite, and chlorite. There are illite–smectite mixed layers with a high illite content and no chlorite–smectite mixed layer. In some samples, no smectite is detected. We also examined the iron content and symmetry of iron and magnesium in the silicate and hydroxide layers in chlorite. At the northern site, the total iron content in chlorite of gouge is larger than that of the host rocks. On the other hand, at the southern site, the total iron content varies widely. It is hypothesized that the smectite consumption and differences in the characteristics of chlorite may be controlled by the differences in the lithology, fluid chemistry, fluid temperature, or fault activities (heating or breakage) between the northern and southern sites.     

Relocation of aftershocks, focal mechanisms and stress inversion: Implications toward the seismo-tectonics of the causative fault zone of Mw7.6 2001 Bhuj earthquake (India)

The HYPODD relocation of 1172 aftershocks, recorded on 8–17 three-component digital seismographs, delineate a distinct south dipping E–W trending aftershock zone extending up to 35 km depth, which involves a crustal volume of 40 km × 60 km × 35 km. The relocated focal depths delineate the presence of three fault segments and variation in the brittle–ductile transition depths amongst the individual faults as the earthquake foci in the both western and eastern ends are confined up to 28 km depth whilst in the central aftershock zone they are limited up to 35 km depth. The FPFIT focal mechanism solutions of 444 aftershocks (using 8–12 first motions) suggest that the focal mechanisms ranged between pure reverse and pure strike slip except some pure dip slip solutions. Stress inversion performed using the P and T axes of the selected focal mechanisms reveals an N181°E oriented maximum principal stress with a very shallow dip (= 14°). The stress inversions of different depth bins of the P and T axes of selected aftershocks suggest a heterogeneous stress regime at 0–30 km depth range with a dominant consistent N–S orientation of the P-axes over the aftershock zone, which could be attributed to the existence of varied nature and orientation of fractures and faults as revealed by the relocated aftershocks.     

Ultrashallow seismic experiment on a trenched section of the Chelunpu fault zone, Taiwan

Ultrashallow P-wave seismic reflection experiments were conducted at a model test site and in a trenched shallow fault zone along the Chelunpu fault line. The field layout was designed to have the shallowest undistorted reflection from about 1 m depth with 0.5 m vertical resolution. The smallest group interval tested in this study was 0.05 m with a 0.25 ms sample interval, which can avoid spatial aliasing of ground roll if the target is very shallow and the velocities are low. Data processing was designed to be simple but consistent. As the ultrashallow reflections may be contaminated with high-amplitude coherent noise in many aspects, first break muting and surgical muting were performed on each file as detailed as possible, and f–k filtering was applied mainly for the purpose of attenuating the aliasing energy and back-scattered noise. Data acquired in this study show that the low P-wave velocities (< 200 m/s) and high dominant frequencies (120–200 Hz) of near-surface layers may have a potential vertical resolution of 0.4 m or even better.Comparing the test profile with the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) control profile of the same test site and correlating the results obtained from the study site with those of the geologic cross-section of the trench, this experiment demonstrates the possibility of using seismic methods in investigating shallow structures at depths of less than a few meters with vertical resolution comparable to the GPR technique.     

潮汐和地震对全球气候变化的影响

2004年12月26日印尼地震海啸后,全球低温冻害和暴雪灾害频繁发生。"潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"是一种合理的解释。根据"潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"理论,2005年全球气温将因为印尼地震海啸和强潮汐南北震荡而降低。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的科学家认为,一个较弱的厄尔尼诺现象和人类排放的温室气体将使2005年成为人类有记载以来最热的一年。事实上,2005年的温度低于1998年。现在,西方科学家也承认了2005—2007年自然气候的变化抵消了全球气候变暖效应这一客观事实。     

2014年云南景谷6.6级地震序列震源参数研究

利用290个M_L ≥ 2.5的景谷6.6级地震序列事件的数字波形资料，计算得到其震源参数。结果显示，地震矩M₀数值范围为10¹²~10¹⁶ N·m；拐角频率f_c为3~16 Hz；视应力数值范围为0~15 MPa，平均值是2.14 MPa，中位数为1.39 MPa。同时，各个震源参数之间均存在一定的相关关系；景谷地震序列余震空间分布可分为北段、中段与南段，其视应力高低分布依次为：南段 > 中段 > 北段；表明主震发生后，震源区南段区域的应力水平最高，这可能是后续5.8级\，5.9级强余震均发生在南段的根本原因。在视应力时间变化特征方面，5.8级、5.9级强余震的发生前，震中所在的南段视应力数值存在"逐渐变大-维持稳定"的特点。而后续未发生强余震的北段和中段，其视应力时间变化为早期快速调整，后续逐渐变化到各自区域的视应力均值水平；这类变化表明对于震源区南段，在强余震发生前的短时间内，南段区域首先出现局部应力不断挤压增强，并随后维持相对高值应力水平的"闭锁"状态，直到强余震的发生。因而，震后震源区余震视应力的空间分布对强余震可能产生地点判定有指示作用，其时间变化特征与地震序列中较强地震的发生存在一定的相关性。余震视应力的时空变化对序列后续地震活动的判定有重要指示作用，可为强余震的时空判定提供相应参考。     

地震诱发石碑塬黄土地层液化滑移距离研究

为研究1920年海原地震中石碑塬地区液化滑移灾害的形成机制、滑移特征及滑移距离，对石碑塬液化滑移区进行钻孔勘探、取样以及探槽开挖。分别对钻孔及所取试样进行剪切波速测试及颗粒分析、室内动三轴试验，得出石碑塬液化滑移区地层分布情况、震时液化土体层位以及不同地震烈度条件下砂质黄土层的液化情况。综合分析钻孔勘探、颗粒分析、动三轴试验结果，揭示出海原地震中石碑塬黄土地层液化滑移灾害的形成机制：砂质黄土层液化后在自重应力以及地震力的共同作用下"托浮"第一古土壤层以及上部"粉尘化"的非饱和黄土层沿缓斜坡运动，并利用液化滑移地层滑距公式对滑移距离进行估算，得到结果为223.35 m，与实际情况较为相符。研究结果可为黄土地层液化滑移灾害的预防提供一定的借鉴意义。     

地震次生火灾研究进展

由于双重灾种叠加，地震次生火灾曾经带来过巨大生命财产损失，并始终严重威胁人类社会。梳理历史上几次重大地震次生火灾情况，归纳地震次生火灾的成灾与蔓延研究成果，讨论现有研究成果中常用的分析手段和研究方法；从工程结构和装备设施，以及灾害区划单元两个层面总结分析了地震次生火灾的风险与损失评估研究成果；从民用建筑、油气化工设施、核电站、灾后安置点与林业等多个方面探讨地震次生火灾的预防和控制研究进展。采用文献计量学方法对近二十年以"地震次生火灾"为主题的中文文献进行统计，并分析研究热度与地震事件的联系。     

场兆与源兆的追踪识别

云南省单台地震预报６年报准了１２次５．２～７．３级地震。总结了反映孕震过程的矢量凹形、应力凹形、地电凹形等３种凹形震兆,阐述了水汞、水氡突跳,形变相关系数和地磁最大相关系数等前兆图像及其预报作用。认为：按照以场求源的思路,追踪孕震过程,是提高地震预报水平的有效途径。     

Seismic Zoning of Croatia

The territory of Croatia and neighboring regions is divided into 17 seismic source zones, considering available seismological and geological data. On this basis, seismic hazard elements (seismicity rate, maximum magnitude, b-value, probabilities of exceedance and return periods for a predefined set of magnitudes) are computed using the maximum likelihood method appropriate for treating data-sets with variable completeness thresholds. The values of long term expected peak horizontal acceleration obtained by using a combination of the deterministic and the probabilistic procedure are the highest in the Dubrovnik zone, while the Zagreb zone has the highest earthquake hazard in the continental part of the country. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.