中国湖泊现状及面临的重大问题与保护策略

我国湖泊数量多、类型全、分布广,湖泊的形成演化不仅受流域自然环境因素及变化的影响,而且还深受人类活动的干扰,呈现出不同的区域演变特征和生态环境问题.近几十年来,我国湖泊数量、面积和分布都发生了较为显著的变化,并面临着湖泊萎缩与调蓄能力减少、水质下降与富营养化加重、生物多样性减少与生态退化、河湖水力和生态联系阻隔以及湖岸线和环湖地带过度开发等问题,引发一系列生态与环境后果,严重影响流域居民日常生活和经济的可持续发展.本文通过大量湖泊野外考察和调查,查清了我国面积大于1km2湖泊的数量、面积和分布状况,结合历史湖泊调查和相关研究资料,系统分析了近几十年我国湖泊面临的重大生态环境问题及区域特征,提出了我国湖泊保护的策略.     

Stochastic Modelling of the Impact of Flood Protection Measures Along the River Waal in the Netherlands

River flooding is a problem of international interest. In the past few years many countries suffered from severe floods. A large part of the Netherlands is below sea level and river levels. The Dutch flood defences along the river Rhine are designed for water levels with a probability of exceedance of 1/1250 per year. These water levels are computed with a hydrodynamic model using a deterministic bed level and a deterministic design discharge. Traditionally, the safety against flooding in the Netherlands is obtained by building and reinforcing dikes. Recently, a new policy was proposed to cope with increasing design discharges in the Rhine and Meuse rivers. This policy is known as the Room for the River (RfR) policy, in which a reduction of flood levels is achieved by measures creating space for the river, such as dike replacement, side channels and floodplain lowering. As compared with dike reinforcement, these measures may have a stronger impact on flow and sediment transport fields, probably leading to stronger morphological effects. As a result of the latter the flood conveyance capacity may decrease over time. An a priori judgement of safety against flooding on the basis of an increased conveyance capacity of the river can be quite misleading. Therefore, the determination of design water levels using a fixed-bed hydrodynamic model may not be justified and the use of a mobile-bed approach may be more appropriate. This problem is addressed in this paper, using a case study of the river Waal (one of the Rhine branches in the Netherlands). The morphological response of the river Waal to a flood protection measure (floodplain lowering in combination with summer levee removal) is analysed. The effect of this measure is subject to various sources of uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulations are applied to calculate the impact of uncertainties in the river discharge on the bed levels. The impact of the “uncertain” morphological response on design flood level predictions is analysed for three phenomena, viz. the impact of the spatial morphological variation over years, the impact of the seasonal morphological variation and the impact of the morphological variability around bifurcation points. The impact of seasonal morphological variations turns out to be negligible, but the other two phenomena appear to have each an appreciable impact (order of magnitude 0.05–0.1 m) on the computed design water levels. We have to note however, that other sources of uncertainty (e.g. uncertainty in hydraulic roughness predictor), which may be of influence, are not taken into consideration. In fact, the present investigation is limited to the sensitivity of the design water levels to uncertainties in the predicted bed level.     

海洋平台阴极保护监测系统的研制及应用

介绍了自行研制的海洋平台阴极保护监测系统，它由双电极电位测量探头，牺牲阳极输出电流测量探头，信号传输电缆系统和微机数据采集系统组成，并结合近10a其在南海北部近海石油开发区的应用和运行状况，对阴极保护监测系统的性能，作用及意义进行了系统论述，以期为进一步的工作奠定基础。     

高温冻土区开放新型复合护坡路堤热稳定性研究

在全球升温和人类工程活动下,高温冻土区块碎石护坡路基需要补强措施。研究人员提出了一种新的补强措施新型复合护坡结构。本文考虑青藏高原的气温特征和冷暖季风速差异的影响,基于非Darcy定律利用有限体积法对开放新型复合护坡结构的热传递特性和热稳定性进行了研究,研究发现边界条件对新型复合护坡路基的热传递特性有明显的影响,开放新型复合护坡结构较封闭系统具有较好的冷却效果和较快的降温速度。     

德国饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护

在德国,饮用水被确定为生活中的第一物质材料,饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护是一项法律程序。德国人经过１００多年的长期实践,迄今为止已建立近２００００个饮用水水源保护区,在水源地保护方面积累了大量经验,被欧美工业国吸收采纳。本文介绍了德国饮用水水源保护区的政策、规范与模型;保护区的划定原则与方法,以及利用岩石土壤对水污染的过滤净化能力或者水体自然净化功能,分区分级保护和利用水源保护区的实用哲学。本文还描述了全流域生态系统保护与水源保护区的关系,东德与西德水源保护工作的差距。     

青藏铁路建设环境的"三大难题"

青藏铁路是世界上第一条跨越高原多年冻土区的铁路,工程建设环境面临多年冻土、高寒缺氧、生态脆弱的“三大难题”,比国内外其他多年冻土工程建设更艰巨和困难。由于青藏铁路建设环境的特殊性与复杂性,设计和建设中采取了多种保护冻土的有效措施、高原劳动卫生和劳动保护措施及生态环境保护措施及污染防治措施,各项措施在青藏铁路的建设和运营中显示出了良好的效果。     

日照水库水环境影响评价与保护

日照水库水质总体良好,符合城市供水要求,外来污染和底泥污染是库区水环境的主要影响因素,主要污染物TN的削减负荷较大,应及早加强水环境保护力度,提高日照水库的供水安全性和可持续能力。作为日照市重要水资源,担负着城市生活及工业供水的重任,随着城市规模和经济的快速发展,其供水安全和可持续能力将直接关系到国民经济的可持续发展。     

耕地保护与土地资源可持续利用研究--以广东省徐闻县为例

从可持续发展的角度,分析了广东省徐闻县土地资源利用的现状和耕地锐减的原因,并有针对性的提出了通过建立土地资源可持续利用机制和采用行政、经济、法律及技术等措施来保护耕地,实现土地资源的可持续利用.     

新疆白干湖钨锡矿区岩心钻探施工技术

随着西部大开发及国家三五八工程的开展,新疆昆仑山脉高海拔无人区成为地质找矿的重点,如何提高昆仑山脉钻孔钻探施工的效率,是当前岩心钻探施工的重点。通过白干湖钨锡矿岩心钻探的施工情况论述了该工程的施工经验和方法。     

川江流域防护林区林地的保护性利用

川江流域防护林区森林地面积仅占全区林地面积的44％,而疏林地、灌木林地、未成林造林地、宜林地等尚需抚育或营造的林地占56％,其中宜林地尚有20％。在分析区内林地利用现状的同时,指出了各类林地的主要土壤类型、主要问题及造林或抚育的难易。着重从森林营造和管理角度,提出了相应的保护林地措施。