西南天山东柯坪推覆系古地震初步研究

西南天山柯坪推覆系发育多排逆断裂-褶皱带,各排逆断裂-褶皱带的变形速率并不一致,古地震发生规律也可能具有不同特点.自汶川地震造成龙门山中央和前山两条断裂同时活动之后,对于如何判断多条逆断裂级联破裂的逆断裂古地震事件,是一个值得讨论的问题.文中通过对东柯坪塔格和萨尔干塔格两排逆断裂-褶皱带山前多期地貌面(冲洪积扇面)上发...     

Glacial advances constrained by Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan

Numerous large landslide deposits occur in the Tien Shan, a tectonically active intraplate orogen in Central Asia. Yet their significance in Quaternary landscape evolution and natural hazard assessment remains unresolved due to the lack of "absolute" age constraints. Here we present the first ¹⁰Be exposure ages for three prominent (> 10⁷ m³) bedrock landslides that blocked major rivers and formed lakes, two of which subsequently breached, in the northern Kyrgyz Tien Shan. Three ¹⁰Be ages reveal that one landslide in the Alamyedin River occurred at 11–15 ka, which is consistent with two ¹⁴C ages of gastropod shells from reworked loess capping the landslide. One large landslide in Aksu River is among the oldest documented in semi-arid continental interiors, with a ¹⁰Be age of 63–67 ka. The Ukok River landslide deposit(s) yielded variable ¹⁰Be ages, which may result from multiple landslides, and inheritance of ¹⁰Be. Two ¹⁰Be ages of 8.2 and 5.9 ka suggest that one major landslide occurred in the early to mid-Holocene, followed by at least one other event between 1.5 and 0.4 ka. Judging from the regional glacial chronology, all three landslides have occurred between major regional glacial advances. Whereas Alamyedin and Ukok can be considered as postglacial in this context, Aksu is of interglacial age. None of the landslide deposits show traces of glacial erosion, hence their locations and ¹⁰Be ages mark maximum extents and minimum ages of glacial advances, respectively. Using toe-to-headwall altitude ratios of 0.4–0.5, we reconstruct minimum equilibrium-line altitudes that exceed previous estimates by as much as 400 m along the moister northern fringe of the Tien Shan. Our data show that deposits from large landslides can provide valuable spatio-temporal constraints for glacial advances in landscapes where moraines and glacial deposits have low preservation potential.     

A loess-paleosol record of climate and glacial history over the past two glacial-interglacial cycles (~ 150 ka), southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Loess accumulated on a Bull Lake outwash terrace of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6) age in southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The 9 m section displays eight intervals of loess deposition (Loess 1 to Loess 8, oldest), each followed by soil development. Our age-depth model is constrained by thermoluminescence, meteoric ¹⁰Be accumulation in soils, and cosmogenic ¹⁰Be surface exposure ages. We use particle size, geochemical, mineral-magnetic, and clay mineralogical data to interpret loess sources and pedogenesis. Deposition of MIS 6 loess was followed by a tripartite soil/thin loess complex (Soils 8, 7, and 6) apparently reflecting the large climatic oscillations of MIS 5. Soil 8 (MIS 5e) shows the strongest development. Loess 5 accumulated during a glacial interval (~ 76-69 ka; MIS 4) followed by soil development under conditions wetter and probably colder than present. Deposition of thick Loess 3 (~ 43-51 ka, MIS 3) was followed by soil development comparable with that observed in Soil 1. Loess 1 (MIS 2) accumulated during the Pinedale glaciation and was followed by development of Soil 1 under a semiarid climate. This record of alternating loess deposition and soil development is compatible with the history of Yellowstone vegetation and the glacial flour record from the Sierra Nevada.     

海河流域严重干旱500hPa信号场异常信号分析

基于严重少雨旬的定义,分析海河流域1961～2009年严重少雨旬的分布特征,进而对汛期40个典型严重少雨旬的500hPa信号场进行经验正交分解(EOF分析).结果表明:EOF第一模态的方差贡献率达到35.3％,远高于其他模态;第一模态呈现出2个负异常区和1个正异常区,在对应的环流背景下,海河流域受暖性高压控制,高纬冷空气及低纬暖湿气流难以到达流域上空交绥,持续高温少雨造成流域严重干旱.     

江淮流域梅雨期持续性强降水及其10～30d低频环流特征

利用1961—2010年中国556站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,采用合成分析等方法探讨了江淮流域梅雨期持续性强降水的低频振荡特征及其发生前后低频大气环流场的演变特征。结果表明,江淮梅雨持续性强降水存在显著的10~30 d低频振荡特征。持续性强降水发生时,江淮流域对流层高层受东海低频反气旋西北部的偏西气流控制,使得南亚高压位置偏东,加强了高层的辐散型流场;对流层中层,中高纬度地区存在"+、-、+"的低频位势高度中心,蒙古低频低压使得极地冷空气易于南侵;对流层低层,江淮流域受低频P-J波列西段的台湾岛低频反气旋影响,并伴随强烈的对流活动,此反气旋使得西太平洋副热带高压向更西的位置伸展;因此低层辐合、高层辐散使得江淮流域表现为强烈的低频上升运动,同时低频水汽从孟加拉湾-南海一带输送到江淮流域,为持续性强降水的发生提供了有利的低频环流条件。另外,在持续性强降水发生前后,低层低频正涡度向北、向西传播,高层低频负涡度向南、向东传播,高低层斜压结构明显,共同作用于江淮流域,维持持续性强降水过程。     

煤矿区城市矿物气溶胶的SEM-EDX特征分析

采集煤矿区城市义马、平顶山、永城夏季大气PM₁₀样品,采用带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)研究了PM₁₀中的矿物颗粒组成、成因及来源。结果表明,矿区矿物颗粒按化学成分共有5种主要类型,分别为"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富S"、"富K"、"富Cl"型。其中平顶山地区"富Si"颗粒占百分比最高(78%),矿物颗粒硫酸盐化程度小;永城地区硫酸盐化程度中等,几乎所有的"富Ca"碱性碳酸盐颗粒都硫酸盐化成石膏;义马地区矿物硫酸盐化程度最大,除石膏以外,还有一定量硫酸铵形成。永城和义马地区还出现了一定量的"富K"(12.7%)和"富Cl"(10.6%)颗粒,与秸秆焚烧活动有关。通过对3个矿区城市PM₁₀硫酸盐化程度对比可以发现,偏碱性的碳酸盐矿物、煤炭燃烧和秸秆焚烧燃烧释放出大量的酸性SO₂以及较高的空气湿度,均有利于硫酸盐化的进行,硫酸盐颗粒的形成对煤矿区城市的区域性气候具有一定影响。     

塔中春季水平能见度变化及影响因子分析

利用2004、2005年3月至5月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站的能见度仪自动监测资料,气温、气压、风速、相对湿度等地面气象常规沙尘观测记录以及PM10自动监测仪观测资料,分析了塔中水平能见度变化特征以及与气象因子、PM10的相关关系,气象因子与PM10对水平能见度有一定的制约关系,但并非简单的线形关系,不同时段,不同天气条件下,各因素的作用不同。     

The ‘humped’ soil production function: eroding Arnhem Land,Australia

We report erosion rates and processes, determined from in situ‐produced beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be) and aluminum‐26 (²⁶Al), across a soil‐mantled landscape of Arnhem Land, northern Australia. Soil production rates peak under a soil thickness of about 35 cm and we observe no soil thicknesses between exposed bedrock and this thickness. These results thus quantify a well‐defined ‘humped’ soil‐production function, in contrast to functions reported for other landscapes. We compare this function to a previously reported exponential decline of soil production rates with increasing soil thickness across the passive margin exposed in the Bega Valley, south‐eastern Australia, and found remarkable similarities in rates. The critical difference in this work was that the Arnhem Land landscapes were either bedrock or mantled with soils greater than about 35 cm deep, with peak soil production rates of about 20 m/Ma under 35–40 cm of soil, thus supporting previous theory and modeling results for a humped soil production function. We also show how coupling point‐specific with catchment‐averaged erosion rate measurements lead to a better understanding of landscape denudation. Specifically, we report a nested sampling scheme where we quantify average erosion rates from the first‐order, upland catchments to the main, sixth‐order channel of Tin Camp Creek. The low (～5 m/Ma) rates from the main channel sediments reflect contributions from the slowly eroding stony highlands, while the channels draining our study area reflect local soil production rates (～10 m/Ma off the rocky ridge; ～20 m/Ma from the soil mantled regions). Quantifying such rates and processes help determine spatial variations of soil thickness as well as helping to predict the sustainability of the Earth's soil resource under different erosional regimes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新10号泉水化学测项中强地震前兆异常特征的研究

选取1980年以来距新10号泉300km范围内的16次5级以上地震为研究对象,通过对新10号泉水化学参数在上述地震前后的全程时空扫描,初步总结出该泉水化学测项的前兆异常特征。（1）异常形态各异：硫化物为中期高值异常;氟离子以短期异常和中期异常为主;电导率基本上表现为中期高值异常;水汞以中期高值异常为主,个别地震前会出现临震高值异常;水氡为中期高值异常或年变畸变;甲烷则一般表现为高值中期异常,个别地震前也会在中期异常的基础上叠加大幅度临震异常;氦气为高值正异常。（2）映震对应率：硫化物为81．3％,氟离子为57．1％,电导率为31．3％,水汞为55．6％,水氡为18．8％,甲烷为46．7％,氦气为46．7％。     

PM10 in the atmosphere and incidence of respiratory illness in Chiangmai during the smoggy pollution

Adverse health effects of atmospheric exposure to particles have been described in numerous epidemiological studies. In early of March 2007, there was a big environmental crisis in the northern area of Thailand. Smoggy pollution due to the fires covered many provinces in this area. Here, the author analyzes the correlation on incidence of respiratory illness and PM10 level in Chiangmai, a province in northern Thailand where the pollution occurred. The finding of emerging of the respiratory illness is similar to those previous reports on other smoggy pollutions due to fires. However, there is not a direct statistical significant relationship. It is proved that PM10 might be a risk for respiratory illness attack.