Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of late Mesoproterozoic mafic and granitic rocks in the southwestern Yangtze Block

Late Mesoproterozoic igneous rocks in the SW Yangtze Block are important for understanding the role of it in reconstruction of the Rodinia supercontinent.In the present study,we report new geochronological,geochemical,and Nd-Hf isotopic data for the Cuoke plagioclase amphibolites and granites in the SW Yangtze Block.Geochronological results show that the plagioclase amphibolites and granites have similar late Mesoproterozoic zircon U-Pb ages of 1168-1162 Ma,constituting a bimodal igneous assemblage.The plagioclase amphibolites have high and variable TiO2 contents(1.15-4.30 wt.%)and Mg#(34-66)values,similar to the tholeiitic series.They are characterized by enrichment in LREEs and LILEs,and have OIB-like affinities with positive Nb and Ta anomalies.The plagioclase amphibolites have positive whole-rockεNd(t)(+3.2 to+4.3)and zirconεHf(t)(+4.3 to+10.7)values,indicating that they were derived from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source.The granites belong to the reduced peralkaline A-type series and have negativeεNd(t)value of-6.0 andεHf(t)values of-5.8 to-13.8,indicating a derivation from the partial melting of ancient mafic lower crust.In combination with the~1.05-1.02 Ga bimodal igneous assemblage in the SW Yangtze Block,we propose that the Cuoke 1168-1162 Ma igneous rocks were likely formed in a continental rift basin and argue against the existance of Grenvillian Orogen in the SW Yangtze Block during the late Mesoproterozoic.     

西藏措勤断块中—上三叠统嘎热扎地组的建立

在西藏措勤断块新建了中三叠统—上三叠统卡尼阶岩石地层单位——嘎热扎地组.在建组剖面上,嘎热扎地组厚约485 m,下部岩性以碎屑岩为主,上部岩性为碎屑岩夹灰岩.嘎热扎地组与下伏上二叠统—下三叠统木纠错组、上覆上三叠统诺利阶麦龙岗组均为整合接触关系.该组尚未发现指示地层时代的化石,但前人在其下伏的木纠错组中发现了早三叠世牙...     

Paleoproterozoic Potassic Granitoids in the Sushui Complex from the Zhongtiao Mountains, Northern China： Geochronology, Geochemistry and Petrogenesis

1 Introduction The early Precambrian basement of the North China Craton (NCC) consists mainly of the Eastern Continental Block, the Western Continental Block and the Trans-North China Orogen (TNCO, or “the Central Tectonic Zone”), which formed by continental collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks (Zhao et al., 1998). This evolutionary model has now been widely accepted (Wu and Zhong, 1998; Guan et al., 2002; Guo et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002a, b; Liu et al., 2004a, b;…     

The geometry and timing of orogenic extension: an example from the Western Italian Alps

Contacts between rocks recording large differences in metamorphic grade are indicative of major tectonic displacements. Low-P upon high-P contacts are commonly interpreted as extensional (i.e. material points on either side of the contact moved apart relative to the palaeo-horizontal), but dating of deformation and metamorphism is essential in testing such models. In the Western Alps, the Piemonte Ophiolite consists of eclogites (T ≈550–600 °C and P≈18–20 kbar) structurally beneath greenschist facies rocks (T ≈400 °C and P≈9 kbar). Mapping shows that the latter form a kilometre-wide shear zone (the Gressoney Shear Zone, GSZ) dominated by top-SE movement related to crustal extension. Rb–Sr data from micas within different GSZ fabrics, which dynamically recrystallized below their blocking temperature, are interpreted as deformation ages. Ages from different samples within the same fabric are reproducible and are consistent with the relative chronology derived from mapping. They show that the GSZ had an extensional deformation history over a period of c. 9 Myr between c. 45–36 Ma. This overlaps in time with the eclogite facies metamorphism. The GSZ operated over the entire period during which the footwall evolved from eclogite to greenschist facies and was therefore responsible for eclogite exhumation. The discrete contact zone between eclogite and greenschist facies rocks is the last active part of the GSZ and truncates greenschist facies folds in the footwall. These final movements were therefore not a major component of eclogite exhumation. Pressure estimates associated with old and young fabrics within the GSZ are comparable, indicating that during extensional deformation there was no significant unroofing of the hangingwall. Since there are no known extensional structures younger than 36 Ma at higher levels in this part of the Alps, exhumation since the final juxtaposition of the two units (at 36 Ma) seems to have been dominated by erosion. Key words: deformation age, eclogite, exhumation, Rb–Sr dating, tectonic.     

华夏古陆古元古代变质火山岩的地球化学特征及其构造意义

根据元素地球化学特征,华夏古陆闽浙地区晚古元古代斜长角闪岩可以划分成两组。第１ 组斜长角闪岩的 Ｎｂ／ Ｙｂ比值较高, Ｌ Ｒ Ｅ Ｅ富集, 具有板内玄武岩的微量元素分布特征, 类似于过渡性和碱性玄武岩, 与偏碱性的变质酸性火山岩（变粒岩） 构成板内 “双峰”式火山岩; 第２ 组斜长角闪岩的 Ｎｂ／ Ｙｂ 比值较低, Ｌ Ｒ Ｅ Ｅ平坦或略亏损, 具有洋中脊玄武岩的微量元素分布特征, 类似于洋中脊拉斑玄武岩。这些变质火山岩形成的构造环境很可能类似于现代红海型的裂谷初始洋盆环境。     

华北东部地区中生代盆地格局及演化过程探讨

华北东部中生代盆地演化受控于欧亚构造域的板块挤压拼接和滨太平洋构造域"洋-陆"俯冲碰撞两大动力学背景,与兴蒙造山带、秦岭-大别造山带、太行山隆起及郯庐断裂带等陆内及周边造山带的形成、深大断裂发育演化以及深部动力等因素有着密切的联系。早-中三叠世华北地区基本继承了晚海西期以来的构造格局和沉积特点,地势北西高、东南低,为一南陡北缓、呈NWW向展布的大型内陆沉积盆地;晚三叠世扬子板块与华北板块剪刀式碰撞拼接,华北地区全面抬升,且西部抬升小,东部抬升幅度大,盆地范围向西部退缩,沉积范围缩小,东部地区地势较高,地貌复杂,以隆升剥蚀为主;早-中侏罗世华北东部处于由古亚洲构造域向滨太平洋构造域演化的过渡阶段,该时期太行山的形成将华北地区分割成东、西两个大盆,西部鄂尔多斯盆地依然为一个大型沉积盆地,东部渤海湾盆地区在早-中侏罗世的早期为一些小的山间沉积盆地群,主要表现为对印支期造成的大量NWW或近EW向逆冲断层及阔缓褶皱所产生的低洼地区的充填,晚期则表现为披覆式沉积;晚侏罗世-早白垩世太平洋板块活动取代了扬子板块、西伯利亚板块活动对华北地区构造演化的控制地位,中国东部进入大规模的裂陷或断陷盆地发育阶段,且出现了明显的分区性:在盐山-歧口-新港-兰考-聊城断裂系以东,由于受郯庐断裂带左旋走滑构造应力场的控制,主要发育NW或NWW向断陷盆地,而在该断裂系以西至太行山以东的地区,受左旋走滑影响较弱,主要发育NE和NNE向断陷盆地,在张家口-蓬莱走滑断裂带以北的下辽河坳陷区,盆地的长轴方向为NNE,属郯庐断裂带内部的走滑拉张盆地;晚白垩世郯庐断裂带以西的华北广大地区整体处于隆升剥蚀状态,仅在河南信阳盆地及冀中、临清、黄骅坳陷的少数低洼地区接受沉积,多以红色河湖相粗碎屑为主。研究华北东部中生代盆地演化对于该地区前第三系油气勘探具有指导意义。     

汶川8.0级地震前GPS与跨断层资料反映的运动与变形演化特征

为了研究与总结2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前GPS与跨断层资料反映的龙门山断裂带及其周边地区的运动、构造变形、应变积累演化过程,以及汶川地震临震阶段可能的物理机制,本文综合1999~2007期GPS速度场、1999~2008年大尺度GPS基线时间序列、1985~2008年跨断层短水准等资料进行了相关分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)GPS速度剖面结果显示,宽达500km的川西高原在震前有明显的连续变形,而四川盆地一侧和跨龙门山断裂带基本没有变形趋势,表明震前川西高原在持续不断地为已经处于闭锁状态的龙门山断裂带提供能量积累。(2)GPS应变率结果显示,震前龙门山断裂带中北段的NW侧EW向挤压变形明显,变形幅度从远离断裂带较大到靠近断裂带逐渐减小,而断裂带变形微弱;龙门山断裂带西南段周边形成了显著的EW向挤压应变集中区,应变积累速率明显大于中北段。(3)断层闭锁程度反演结果显示,除了汶川地震的震源位置闭锁相对较弱,且西南段有大概20km宽度断层在12~22.5km深度为蠕滑状态以外,震前整条龙门山断裂基本处于强闭锁状态。(4)大尺度GPS基线结果显示,跨南北地震带区域的NE向基线从2005年开始普遍出现压缩转折,反映NE向地壳缩短的相对运动增强。(5)跨断层短水准场地结果显示,震前年均垂直变化速率和形变累积率很低,表明断层近场垂向活动很弱、闭锁较强。通过以上分析认为,在相对小尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带深浅部均处于强闭锁状态,断裂带水平与垂直变形都很微弱,这可能经历了一个缓慢的过程,而且越是临近地震的发生,微弱变形的范围可能越大;在相对大尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带西侧的巴颜喀拉块体东部地区经历了地壳缓慢且持续的缩短挤压变形,为龙门山断裂带应变积累持续提供了动力支持。     

基于断层活动资料的鄂尔多斯块体周缘未来30年大地震危险性研究

鄂尔多斯块体周缘历史上多次发生大地震,同时该地区人口稠密,城市群集中,有必要分析该地区未来30年的大地震危险性,为该地区的应急备灾工作提供参考.本文利用块体周缘活动断层的滑动速率、历史地震古地震等资料,建立了考虑大地震发生率的时间非平稳性质和大地震危险性近断层分布特征的地震危险性模型.计算了块体周缘未来30年Ⅷ度地震动的超越概率分布图,并同《中国地震动参数区划图》的地震危险性模型进行了比较.本文研究认为,由断层滑动速率估算的断层地震活动性与基于地震目录统计的地震活动性总体差别不大,但断层源的地震危险性在沿断层破裂面地区增大明显.结果认为,鄂尔多斯块体周缘未来30年地震危险性最高的地区在块体西南缘,六盘山东麓断裂和会宁—义岗断裂及周边地区是未来30年地震危险性较高的地区.     

鄂尔多斯地块周缘大地震间相互作用研究

活动地块作为地质构造单元,其周缘的地震常常较为活跃,并且有时表现出大地震丛集发生的现象.鄂尔多斯地块处于受来自青藏高原NE向的主压应力等多重构造应力作用下的区域构造环境中,地块周缘大地震间相互作用的机制值得研究.本文以鄂尔多斯地块周缘的几次历史地震为例,分别研究了级联断层、地块同侧断层、地块不同侧断层间大地震间应力转移的现象,尝试对地块在其周缘发生大地震时的应力传递和转移行为获得新的认识.得到的结论有：1920年宁夏海原8 1/2级和1927年甘肃古浪8.0级地震分别使六盘山东麓断裂和香山-天景山断裂的大地震期望复发时间提前了800年和20年,六盘山东麓断裂当前的大地震危险性较高.1626年山西灵丘7级地震和1654年甘肃天水南8级地震分别使五台山北麓断裂的大地震复发期望时间提前了50年和279年,鄂尔多斯地块可能将其西南缘受到的部分库仑应力扰动传递到了东缘的五台山北麓断裂.     

Deformation Evolution Characteristics Revealed by GPS and Cross-fault Leveling Data before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007, GPS baseline time series on large scale during 1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008, the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement, tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500km wide, while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone, which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone, and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment. Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked, and a 20km width patch in southwestern segment between 12km to 22.5km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt, which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little, which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep, and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow, and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.