广东大宝山铜矿英安斑岩的同位素组成与蚀变特征及其找矿意义

铜矿床类型以斑岩型和矽卡岩型为主,英安斑岩是斑岩型铜钼金成矿系统中普遍发育的岩石类型,当发育良好的热液蚀变时即可作为找矿标志和成矿岩体。广东大宝山是华南目前最大的铜多金属矿,前人研究表明该矿区英安斑岩既是铜多金属矿的成矿母岩,又是有利的赋矿围岩,但关于该矿区英安斑岩与成矿的关系目前存在多种认识,随着近年来英安斑岩中厚大矿体的找矿突破,英安斑岩与成矿的关系再度成为关注的焦点。本文在野外工作和室内分析的基础上,采用X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）和电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）等技术测定大宝山英安斑岩样品中的铜、钨、硅、铝和钙等主次痕量元素的含量,重点研究了该矿区英安斑岩的同位素、金属元素组成与蚀变特征,探讨蚀变与找矿方向的关系。结果表明：①铜元素含量变化于107~6909μg/g之间,与矿区采场铜矿石品位0.3%~0.5%一致,烧失量（LOI）等可代表蚀变程度的地球化学指标与铜存在正相关性;②热液蚀变在英安斑岩中广泛发育,由早到晚依次为钾硅酸盐化蚀变、青磐岩化蚀变和绢英岩化蚀变;③各种蚀变中,绢英岩化蚀变中的铜含量要高出其他蚀变带2~5倍,表明绢英岩化热液蚀变与铜矿化关系密切,是重要的找矿标志;④英安斑岩深部（270m标高以下）蚀变强度没有减弱,仍然具有很大的找矿潜力;此外,英安斑岩与侏罗系接触带以及岩体中的围岩捕掳体也是重要的找矿方向,均可能赋存有矽卡岩型的富铜矿。     

Protoconodont fossils for refining the Cambrian bottom and the contribution to shale gas formation along the southwest margin of Yangtze Block

It has been an intense debate on the exact boundary between Ediacaran and Cambrian in the southwest Yangtze Block. The calibration of this critical boundary has a remarkable influence on the further investigation of the break-up of the Rodinia Supercontinent, the early life evolution, and the mechanism of the phosphorite deposit. Ediacaran and Cambrian strata and fossils are widely distributed in Anning, Yunnan Province in China. In recent years, the Xiaowaitoushan Member from the Lower Yuhucun Formation has been studied. Through this interval with continuous collections, the first appearance datums (FADs) of the protoconodont (Fomitchella cf. inchoate Yang et He, Protohertzina cf. anabarica Missarzhevsky) and globular embryos fossil (Olivooides sp.) earlier than these in the Lower Cambrian strata of the Meishucun Formation were discovered. This discovery indicates that the Xiaowaitoushan Member has included more FADs than the previously discovered single FAD of Anabarites primitivus Qian et Jiang, and the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in southwest China should be replaced below the Point “A” of the Meishucun Formation in Yunnan Province. The Point “B” of the Meishucun Formation is younger than the suggested age 541 Ma of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and can no longer reference the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) correlation in southwest China. It can be suggested based on the previous stratigraphy and palaeontology studies from northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi and the FAD of the globular embryos fossils that the Ediacaran−Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block should be placed at the base of the Xiaowaitoushan Member; other phosphorite strata refer to Xiaowaitoushan Member. The discovery of the FADs of the shelly fossils in the Xiaowaitoushan Member provides new evidence for the global correlation of the Ediacaran –Cambrian boundary in the southwest Yangtze Block. The conodont discoloration index (CAI) of the specimens in Anning is between 2 and 3, which indicates that the organic matter in Xiaowaitoushan Member is matured and has high potential to form a shale gas reservoir.     

滇西保山地块早古生代碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素研究及其对冈瓦纳大陆重建的制约

滇西地区出露的古生界公养河群和孟定街群分别位于保山地块的西部和东部,其沉积时代、构造归属、碎屑物质来源及在早古生代冈瓦纳大陆重建中的古地理位置具有重要研究意义。本文对公养河群2个砂岩样品和孟定街群的4个变质砂岩样品的碎屑锆石进行U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析。其中,公养河群的碎屑锆石年龄谱范围是3862～533Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值的范围是-37. 8～+11. 0,最小年龄峰期为549～533Ma,表明该群的最大沉积年龄为早寒武世早期,该群可能为寒武系地层。孟定街群的碎屑锆石年龄谱范围是3097～542Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)值的范围是-39. 5～+10. 5,其最小年龄峰期(576～458Ma)将该群的沉积下限时代限制在晚奥陶世。结合保山地块的其他古生代地层的碎屑锆石研究,我们认为保山地块在早古生代位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,物源主要来自印度大陆,但～1. 17Ga年龄峰的出现说明其东部可能接受了一定比例来自西澳大利亚的沉积物质。这一结果表明保山地块在冈瓦纳大陆北缘重建中的位置应该靠近印度大陆,而其东缘接近澳大利亚大陆。     

佳木斯地块东缘晚古生代大陆边缘构造演化

佳木斯地块位于中国东北微陆块群的最东缘,其东缘地区晚古生代的岩浆和沉积演变进程为欧亚大陆东缘由被动陆缘向活动陆缘构造环境的转化提供了关键证据。年代学和地球化学研究表明,佳木斯地块东缘中泥盆世黑台组砂岩,形成于被动陆缘的构造环境,黑台组上覆的老秃顶子组流纹岩也形成于被动陆缘的构造环境;晚石炭世珍子山组砂岩,形成于活动陆缘的构造环境;早二叠世的二龙山组安山岩以及相邻地区早二叠世的其它火成岩形成于活动陆缘的构造环境。同时,佳木斯地块东缘泥盆-二叠纪的沉积地层也呈现出由浅海相到陆相地层转化的特征。因此,佳木斯地块东缘由被动陆缘向活动陆缘的转化应该发生在中泥盆世到晚石炭世,而该构造环境的转化也为晚古生代时期蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向欧亚大陆之下俯冲过程的研究提供了关键信息。     

拉萨地块西部亚热地区林子宗群火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

广泛分布于拉萨地块南部的林子宗群火山岩被普遍认为是新特提斯洋北向俯冲消减结束并由同碰撞向后碰撞构造背景转化过程中的岩浆作用产物,记录了从新特提斯洋俯冲结束到印度-欧亚大陆碰撞-后碰撞的丰富信息。本文对采集于拉萨地块西部亚热地区的林子宗群火山岩样品进行了年代学和岩石地球化学研究,结果显示:林子宗群火山岩为一套钾玄质系列的流纹岩,该岩石具有高硅(w(SiO_2)=73.90%～74.03%)、高钾(w(K_2O)=6.15%～6.28%)、高钾钠比(w(K_2O)/w(Na_2O)=2.14～2.65),富集K、Rb、Th、U、Hf等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr等元素,具有明显的Eu负异常;林子宗群火山岩样品LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为50.1 Ma±0.3 Ma—51.3Ma±0.4Ma之间;结合前人研究,笔者认为亚热地区林子宗群火山岩为形成于印度-欧亚大陆同碰撞背景下的大陆地壳部分熔融的产物。     

Ca. 1.7 Ga Magmatism on Southwestern Margin of the Yangtze Block: Response to the Breakup of Columbia

This paper presents some data of the Jiaopingdu gabbro and Caiyuanzi granite at the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, on the geochemical compositions, zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data. The Jiaopingdu gabbro gives the age of 1721 ± 5 Ma, the Caiyuanzi granite 1732 ± 6 Ma and 1735 ± 4 Ma, and the Wenjiacun porphyry granite 1713 ± 4 Ma, suggesting nearly contemporaneous formation time of the gabbro and granite. The bimodal feature is demonstrated by the gabbro SiO2 content of 44.64–46.87 wt% and granite 73.81–77.03 wt%. In addition, the granite has high content of SiO2 and Na2O + K2O, low content of Al2O3 and CaO, enriched in REEs (except Eu) and Zr, Nb, Ga and Y, depleted in Sr, implying it belongs to A-type granite geochemistry and origin of within-plate environment. The zircon εHf(t) of the granite and gabbro is at the range of 2–6, which is near the 2.0 Ga evolution line of the crust, implying the parent magma of the gabbro being derived from the depleted mantle and a small amount of crustal material, and the parent magma of the granite from partial melting of the juvenile crust and some ancient crustal material at the same time. Compared with 1.8–1.7 Ga magmatism during breakup of other cratons in the world, we can deduce that the Columbia has initially broken since ca. 1.8 Ga, and some continental marginal or intra-continental rifts occurred at ca. 1.73 Ga.     

中上扬子地块周缘主要金属成矿系统及成矿谱系

中上扬子地块周缘巨型成矿带是多旋回多阶段构造演化背景下成矿作用的产物。主要的成矿系统包括沉积-热水沉积成矿系统类、后生盆地流体成矿系统类、岩浆热液成矿系统类三大类。南华纪沉积-热水沉积锰成矿系统、震旦纪沉积-热水沉积铅锌成矿系统、震旦纪—寒武纪沉积-热水沉积银钒多金属成矿系统、二叠纪沉积-热水沉积锰成矿系统主要发育在古大陆边缘且形成于大地构造挤压向拉张的转换期,大型、超大型矿床定位受大陆边缘构造网络系统的制约,成矿的有利环境是拉张断裂控制的裂陷槽,同生断裂系统和深部含矿流体的持续补给是关键的控矿要素。印支—燕山早期后生盆地流体Pb-Zn成矿系统是本区主要的成矿系统且发育在盆山结合带,大型、超大型矿床定位主要受断裂、层位与岩性联合控制。燕山期岩浆热液型Pb-Zn多金属成矿系统受侵入接触构造体系控制,Pb-Zn矿体主要发育在外带;燕山期岩浆热液型Au多金属成矿系统主要发育在盆山结合带,大型、超大型矿床定位受断裂、褶皱构造和隐伏花岗岩的联合控制。本文初步构建了中上扬子地块周缘主要金属矿床成矿谱系。     

海相页岩缝网可压性靶窗空间分布预测——以川南长宁区块为例

靶窗的确定对海相页岩气储层增产改造具有重要意义。以川南长宁地区龙马溪组海相页岩气储层为研究对象,开展氩离子抛光扫描电镜、巴西圆盘实验和压裂施工统计,分析矿物颗粒粒径和断裂韧性、地应力对裂缝在水力压裂时能否快速穿透、稳定扩展、充分转向等方面的影响。针对现有方法未充分考虑储层压裂品质的情况,简化计算流程,分别采用声波、密度、伽马和矿物含量等建立脆延性指标,采用优化后的应力与应力差耦合模型建立应力差异指标,形成基于储层缝网可压性理论、根据测井解释曲线形态判别的靶窗预测方法。研究结果表明,脆延性指标和应力差异指标曲线呈现叠合度较高的Ⅰ类双"波谷"的层位最有利于开发,其次为Ⅱ类连续交错叠置的层位,最后为Ⅲ类不连续交错的层位。对长宁地区评价井、建产井的验证与实践表明,靶窗对应的指标多呈现双"波谷"形态,但靶窗对应的层位具有差异,区内自西向东靶窗呈现1小层—2小层—1小层的演化趋势。实现不同井区差异化靶窗的高钻遇率对单井获得较大储层改造规模、较高的测试产量和稳定的累计产量具有重要的控制作用。      

华南扬子陆块西缘新元古代康滇裂谷盆地开启时间新证据

苏雄组为华南扬子陆块西缘新元古代康滇裂谷盆地开启初期的火山喷发产物,其形成时限可为制约裂谷盆地开启时间提供新证据。本文对川西汉源九襄地区新元古代苏雄组流纹岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测定。结果显示,测试样品锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为853 ±2 Ma（N=13;MSWD=3.1）,加权平均年龄为853 ±4 Ma（N=13;MSWD=2.2）。新的年龄数据表明,苏雄组的底界年龄应该下延至ca. 850 Ma,扬子西缘新元古代裂谷盆地开启时间应更改为ca. 850 Ma,与全球超级地幔柱上涌和Rodinia超大陆裂解时间基本同步。     

柴达木和欧龙布鲁克陆块基底的组成和变质作用及中国中西部古大陆演化关系初探

中国西部的柴达木陆块和欧龙布鲁克陆块的基底岩系虽然在地球化学上与扬子陆块具有亲缘性,但它们之间的组成和变质作用历史却显著不同。欧龙布鲁克陆块下部基底德令哈杂岩和达肯大坂岩群于~1.95Ga发生了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用并克拉通化,响应了全球Columbia超大陆汇聚事件;随后又与中元古代万洞沟岩群一道于~1.0Ga发生绿片岩相变质作用,共同响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件;新元古代中晚期裂解后于中奥陶纪受原特提斯洋关闭影响而隆起。柴达木陆块基底主体由中元古代金水口岩群白沙河岩组(柴南缘)和沙柳河岩群乌龙滩岩组(柴北缘)组成,以S-型花岗岩的侵入活动和相应的变质作用响应了全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件。晚泛非期(520~480Ma)柴达木陆块与冈瓦纳主大陆俯冲碰撞,发生中压角闪岩相-麻粒岩相和高压超高压变质作用,经短暂拼贴后很快进入到原特提斯洋域,随460~420Ma的大洋关闭而发生变质叠加。区域对比表明,在基底组成和地壳演化史上,欧龙布鲁克陆块与阿拉善陆块和塔里木陆块(包括扬子陆块)相似,柴达木陆块则与北秦岭陆块以及祁连陆块相似,因而分属两个陆块群。塔—欧陆块群记录的~500Ma热事件与塔—欧和柴—秦陆块群共同记录的~450Ma热事件是两个性质不同的构造热事件。