不同气水比对两种人工湿地除污效果的影响

为比较不同气水比下各类型人工湿地的除污效果,选取火山石、炉渣和牡蛎壳作为人工湿地构建基质,研究两种人工湿地(表面流和潜流人工湿地)在不同气水比(0,2,4,6,8)下对污水的净化效果。结果表明:潜流型人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率均高于表面流人工湿地;尤其是在COD的去除过程中,当气水比≥4时,潜流式湿地对污染物的去除效果显著高于表面流人工湿地。此外,适当曝气可显著提高人工湿地对COD、NH_4~+-N及TP的去除率,气水比为4时,表面流和潜流人工湿地对COD及TP的去除率显著高于气水比为0和2时的去除率。对NH_4~+-N而言,表面流和潜流人工湿地分别在气水比为8和6时达到最大去除率。气水比和人工湿地类型的交互作用对污染物的去除率影响不显著,在实际工程中可以忽略组合效应,致力于确定湿地类型及气水比各自对湿地除污效果的最优条件。     

华北板块北缘东段上三叠统的若干特征

位于华北板块与古蒙古洋板块的交接处、金银别河至白水滩一带的一套变质的陆相碎屑岩,前人命名为白水滩组,时代归属早侏罗世。80年代末笔者在此进行1∶5万区域地质调查,在该地层中采到了Neoclamites sp.,Cycadocarpiclium sp.,Uniohuang bogouensis(?)等重要分子,同时发现其被二长花岗岩(U—Pb 192.7Ma)侵入,暂与小营子组对比,将其时代归属为晚三叠世。该套地层分为上下两段,即下部砾岩段和上部砂岩段;地层褶皱形态复杂,断裂构造发育,新老地质体相互推覆掩盖,构成独特的地质景观。     

粤东北仁差盆地早侏罗世花岗岩基底LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

钻探勘查揭露表明,粤东北仁差盆地基底主要由古生代变质岩和文象花岗岩组成。为进一步查明其基底岩体形成的时代,提高对该地区地质演化的认识,对盆地内2个勘查钻孔内的文象花岗岩岩心取样,进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年,测得谐和年龄为179±1Ma和186Ma。此结果表明,仁差盆地基底文象花岗岩的形成时代为早侏罗世晚期,即其为燕山期第一幕岩浆活动的产物。此年龄不仅加深了对仁差盆地形成演化的认识,也为粤东北地区早侏罗世时期缺乏岩浆岩活动的报道提供了新的年代学资料。     

Plowing paradise: snow clearing and urban solar radiation absorption

Abstract

Urban heat islands result from human modification of land surfaces. Snow cover reduces heating due to its reflectivity; however, urban snow is quickly plowed, thus altering surface radiative properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent to which municipal snow removal affects the magnitude of solar input associated with changes in the radiation balance. Incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, surface radiating temperature, air temperature, and snow depth were measured with portable devices at eight sites in Syracuse, New York. Sites were classified as cleared, undisturbed, or snow piles. Measurements were taken following fresh snowfall, and continuing until snow had melted. A HOBO weather station provided hourly baseline conditions. Longevity of snow varied across snow site types, with greater persistence when in piles and on open areas. Albedo was reduced and surface temperatures were higher over cleared areas. The difference between absorbed energy due to clearing was quantified using an albedo regression model for undisturbed sites and comparing these to average reflectivity of cleared surfaces. The magnitude difference over the study period ranged from 841 million to 1670 million MJ. Snow plowing is therefore a significant source of additional energy that enhances the winter urban heat island.     

我国“海洋1”号卫星(HY-1)CCD图像数据定量化条带消除研究

条带(striping)对于大量的航天和航空传感器来说是一种普遍存在的现象,任何使用多个探测器进行数据获取的遥感器图像数据中均存在条带.目前消除条带的算法主要是针对光机扫描仪,对于CCD相机工作做得比较少.针对HY-1CCD线阵推扫式多光谱相机的特点,以及发射前辐射定标的结果,对遥感器图像数据中的条带问题进行了预研,提出了一种定量化的消条带算法.该方法根据卫星数据特性求出各探测器间的均衡化曲线以反映探测器之间的差异,并据此来消除条带.实验结果表明该方法能够有效解决CCD相机的条带问题,而且可以保持数据原有的物理意义,并可与在轨辐射校正衔接,保证发射前后定标算法的一致性.     

一种修正的SeaWinds散射计圆中数滤波法

利用最大似然法(MLE)对SeaWinds散射计数据反演得出的风矢量一般存在2—4个模糊解,而且第1模糊解构成的风场在轨道外侧区域容易出现块状模糊,所以不能像SASS和NSCAT等散射计那样,以第1模糊解初始化风场后用圆中数滤波法进行模糊去除。文章根据SeaWinds散射计第1模糊解的空间分布特性,对传统圆中数滤波法进行了修正,使之适合SeaWinds散射计的模糊去除,即在缺乏参考数据进行初始化的前提下,能够有效去除块状模糊问题。     

Seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China

The seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs was observed from May 2006 to April 2007 in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Daily average quantities of leaf fall ranged 0.85–3.86 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, with high values in May, August, October and November. The whole-year's leaf fall was 6.48 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1.81 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹). The standing stock of leaf litter on the forest floor was 7.78 gDW m⁻² averaged from the whole year's data, with the lowest value in December (1.23 gDW m⁻²) and the highest in April (16.18 gDW m⁻²). Annually averaged removal (consumption on mangrove floor + burial in burrows) rate of leaf litter by crabs was 0.59 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. High seasonal variability was observed in the removal rates of leaf litter by crabs. Removal rates in the winter months (December, January and February) were 0.07–0.09 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, much lower than those in other months with values of 0.59–1.18 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. Annually averaged percentage of leaf fall removed by crabs was 33%, with the highest values in September (reached 76%) and the lowest values in winter months. Of leaf litter removed by crabs, a large proportion was buried by crabs, and only 12% was consumed by crabs on the forest floor. Leaf litter removal rate, consumption rate on the forest floor, percentages of leaf fall and standing stock removed on the forest floor were significantly positively correlated with air temperature, indicating that leaf removal ability by crabs was higher in warm months than in cold months.     

淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性的影响

以湖北省鄂州市庙岭镇的红黏土为研究对象,以化学选择溶解法结合淋溶作用为处理手段,将原状土样中的游离氧化铁按梯度去除,获得连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液淋溶时间与除铁率的关系,并分析了不同淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性及微观孔隙结构的影响。试验结果表明,DCB溶液淋溶时间与除铁率相关性较强,除铁率与时间呈先快速增长后逐渐稳定的关系。由于游离氧化铁在土颗粒间主要起胶结作用,故淋溶时间对红黏土的物理力学特性有较大影响。随着淋溶时间的增长,黏粒与胶粒含量逐渐增大,耐热性小幅提升,无侧限抗压强度显著减小,且无侧限抗压强度变化整体趋势为前期急剧降低至后期趋于平稳。核磁共振、差热分析和电镜扫描的结果表明,随着淋溶时间的增大,庙岭红黏土内部孔隙增大,自由水减少,结合水增多,微观形态上团粒结构遭到破坏,胶结物质明显减少,结构形式从紧凑的粒团堆叠结构逐渐转化为聚集体-松散颗粒状结构。