三眼峪特大泥石流沟流域分区特征

三眼峪“8．8”特大泥石流属典型的沟谷型泥石流,整个沟域具有明显的形成区、流通区及堆积区。通过野外调查,竹塔沟-桥子沟以上的大、小眼峪上游沟脑为雨洪产流汇流区域,产流区与罐子坪-峪支沟一线之间为主要的固体物源区,大、小眼峪口至三眼峪口之间以过流为主,峪口至白龙江之间为堆积区。通过分析三眼峪流域分区特征和泥石流在不同分区的沿程冲淤变化,以期为建立三眼峪泥石流监测预警体系提供依据。     

基于ArcGIS＋DEM的三眼峪泥石流水动力条件分析

通过对甘肃省舟曲三眼峪特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形地貌条件和水动力条件人手,以ArcGIS为平台,运用DEM数据,分析了特大泥石流灾害的三区地形地貌特征、固体松散物特征、降雨特征以及泥石流静力学和动力学特征。结果表明：三眼峪三区为泥石流的形成和径流流通提供了极为有利地形条件;固体松散物质补给量潜力巨大,会导致堰塞坝的放大效应;诱发此次特大山洪泥石流是一场局地性、短时强度大的暴雨过程,泥石流容重在2．10t·m^-3左右,属于高容重黏性泥石流;泥石流屈服应力在8000Pa以上,大小眼峪（降雨汇流区）及三眼峪（泥石流堆积区）泥石流流速分别为8．97m／s、7．06m／s和6．02m／s,洪峰流量分别为1659m^3／s、1553m^3／s和1896m^3／s,冲击力分别为46676tf、40236tf和21182tf,其破坏力巨大,危害严重,使得泥石流在汇流区破坏力巨大以切蚀为主,受地形影响,三眼峪出口处,冲击力减小,泥石流发生堆积。     

三眼峪特大泥石流堆积特征

通过野外勘查与试验,认为三眼峪泥石流沟是一个高频泥石流沟,历史上发生多次重大泥石流灾害事件,多期泥石流堆积物在沟道及沟口上下超覆叠置。结合泥石流发生前后遥感影像对比,采用ArcGIS平台进行分析,“8．8”特大泥石流一次最大冲出固体物质总量达152．18×10^4m^3,所到之处房毁江堵,并形成长约1．9km的狭长堆积,堆积量110．58×10^4m^3,最大堆积厚度达10．8m。因泥石流堆积特征是泥石流发生、发展、活动过程的客观记录,分析了三眼峪早期和“8．8”泥石流在不同部位的堆积特征和破坏程度,为泥石流综合整治和灾后重建规划提供参考。     

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流治理中的关键技术研究

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流灾后治理中的关键技术研究是治理工程首先需要解决的问题,包括3个关系,即泥石流流量与排导沟断面关系、泥石流冲击力与拦挡坝强度关系、泥石流物源级配与柔性防护拦疏关系。提出了长流水小排水槽、一般山洪泥石流中排导槽、特大山洪泥石流生态景观休闲大缓冲区的设计理念,解决了百年一遇泥石流对排导沟流量与断面的设计要求。提出用钢混结构重力式拦挡墙替代原有浆砌块石重力式拦挡墙,满足了坝体对冲击力与强度的关系。建议在流通区设置SNS柔性防护网,采用钢丝绳环形网在发挥拦挡的同时达到泄水的要求。研究成果对于舟曲泥石流灾后治理设计方案具有科学价值。     

密云水库周边山区滑坡泥石流易发区预估

滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的易发度主要是地质灾害自然属性特征的体现,它与孕灾环境的各项因子密切相关。这些因子包括地形地貌、流域水文、构造等内部条件因子以及地震、降雨等外部触发因子。为突出反映滑坡及泥石流主导因子的作用,本文参考了许多研究所采用的评价方法和因子选择,重点选取对该地区滑坡及泥石流发生区域分析评价起一定主导作用的、便于研究区域数据资料与空间资料匹配、关系密切的几个指标,包括地形地貌要素(坡度、坡向、坡形、相对高差、地貌类型)、环境要素(植被指数、河网密度、洪水淹没范围)、构造要素(距断层的距离、断层密度、地质岩性),通过对这些因子的敏感性进行分析,采用专家打分方法确定每种要素及因子的权重,借助因子加权叠加办法得出研究区地质灾害易发程度空间分布,用于表示其可能发生的统计意义上的可能性(概率),该研究对于区域地质灾害预防具有一定的适用价值。     

川西龙泉山西坡更新世泥石流的发现及其意义

在川西地区龙泉山西坡首次发现了第四纪泥石流沉积。泥石流沉积相组合为AA1B、AA1C、AA1,反映泥石流为洪积扇扇中沉积组合,具有粘性泥石流的沉积特征。ESR测年及孢粉化石组合特征表明泥石流沉积于早-中更新世温暖湿润的气候环境下。龙泉山泥石流的形成反映了龙泉山早-中更新世之交的构造隆升,以及四川盆地盆地期夷平面的解体,是对早-中更新世之交青藏高原的隆起、季风的加强、暴雨式降水出现的沉积响应,对于研究四川盆地西部及青藏高原东缘第四纪构造运动及古气候特征具有重要的意义。     

Marine debris surveys at Volunteer Beach, Falkland Islands, during the summer of 2001/02

This survey evaluated the monthly accumulation rate of marine debris and the types of objects washed ashore at Volunteer Beach on East Falkland between October 2001 and March 2002. The mean (±SD) accumulation rate of marine debris was 77 ± 25 items/km/month, of a mean weight of 17.3 ± 12 kg. Forty different objects were collected and the five most frequent items were cotton fabric, string, polystyrene packing sheet, plastic packing tape and broken plastic pieces. The debris on Volunteer Beach was dominated by fishing debris; 42% of the items were discarded fishing equipment, while 39% of the items were of a packaging or associated nature. The mostly likely source of this household waste was fishing vessels, with Falkland Islands Government (FIG) fisheries observers seeing 27 of the 40 items of debris collected from Volunteer Beach being discarded from fishing vessels. It is suggested that, although further marine debris research is warranted, more effective at-sea ship waste disposal regulations are required in Falkland waters to reduce environmental and economic threats both at the local and international level.     

粗木质残体(CWD)的水文生态功能——当前森林水文研究中被忽视的重要环节

目前对森林生态系统粗木质残体的研究主要着眼于数量动态、分布格局、分解速率以及生物多样性保护的作用上，而对江河上游森林生态系统中粗木质残体的水文调蓄、缓洪滞淤等功能至今还未能引起足够的重视。CWD作为森林生态系统的重要部分，茯水文生态功能的发挥主要是通过影响降水在林内的再分配以及林内微环境来实现的。森林CWD水文功能的发挥要同时受到外界环境和其本身持水性能的影响。CWD腐朽级别愈高，自然相对含水量愈高，而且愈容易吸水达到饱和。在长江上游亚高山暗针叶林生态系统中，自然状态下CWD可以蓄持约7.41mm的降水，若使CWD全部达到饱和则可以蓄持降水达9.91mm，这意味着自然状态下的CWD的有效持水量可达到2.50mm，无疑对于长江上游森林生态系统的蓄水调水、滞洪防蚀功能是一大贡献。     

Anthropogenic debris on beaches in the SE Pacific (Chile): Results from a national survey supported by volunteers

Anthropogenic marine debris (AMD) is an ubiquitous problem, which has motivated public participation in activities such as beach surveys and clean-up campaigns. While it is known that beaches in the SE Pacific are also affected by this problem, the quantities and types of AMD remain largely unknown. In the context of an outreach project, volunteers (1500 high-school students) participated in a nation-wide survey of AMD on 43 beaches distributed randomly along the entire Chilean coast (18°S to 53°S). The mean density of AMD was 1.8 items m⁻² and the major types were plastics, cigarette butts and glass. Densities in central Chile were lower than in northern and southern Chile, which could be due to different attitudes of beach users or to intense beach cleaning in central regions. We suggest that public participation in surveys and cleaning activities will raise awareness and thereby contribute to an improvement of the situation.     

The incentive program for fishermen to collect marine debris in Korea

A significant amount of sea-based marine debris is generated and deposited in Korean coastal waters. The Korean government has removed 66,000 tons of deposited marine debris since 1999. However, to fully address the problem, the generation of marine debris needs to be prevented. As an alternative, Korean government has initiated an incentive program for fishermen, who collect fishing gear or other marine debris while fishing. Although a considerable amount of marine debris is collected and removed from major fishing grounds, the program may not incentivize long-term sustainable behavior, resulting in further discarding of marine debris when the program is completed.