北京地区高分辨率快速循环同化预报系统性能检验和评估

针对高分辨率数值模式降水预报检验中存在的问题,探讨模式分辨率的改变对模式降水评分的影响。对同一区域人为改变测站疏密度,讨论测站的疏密对降水预报评分的影响,从检验结果来看,降水评分与模式预报的水平分辨率有较强的关联,对测站的疏密程度也有很明显的依赖性,测站的疏密度不同,评分的差距可能很大。

     

基于工程测量员技能鉴定工作的探索与实践

在开设《工程测量》课程的高职院校,开展工程测量员技能鉴定活动,对于促进学生测绘技能的提高和就业有着重要作用。本文结合测绘行业特有工种职业技能,在鉴定陕西站在陕西省高职院校开展工程测量员技能鉴定的过程中,发现了一些亟待解决问题,并在此基础上根据实际情况具体分析,对完善工程测量员技能鉴定工作提出了一些对策和建议。     

Diversity in Knoxville: An applied perspective

This study contributes to the literature on applied urban geography by examining spatial patterns and processes of changing racial/ethnic diversity within the intra-urban context of Knoxville metropolitan statistical area. Knoxville embraces a diverse economic set up with opportunities in high-tech research and development, manufacturing, tertiary/service-sectors, construction, as well as entertainment industry. This serves well for its continued population growth, including minorities during 1990–2009. This paper explores how the neighborhood-level socioeconomic, demographic, and built-environment characteristics relate to tract-level racial/ethnic diversity, measured by multi-group diversity score and its components. Tools such as isarithmic surface density maps, correlations, principal components and regression analyses are used to examine processes of change. Results indicate that diversity in 1990 associates with negative change whereas diversity in 2000 associates with positive change. Though overall diversity sprawls and increases during 1990–2009, diversity among non-White declines during 2000–2009 and shows spatial confinement. Regressions suggest complicated mosaics of changing neighborhoods, providing evidence of invasion-succession, filtering and resurgence of ethnic-enclaves in specific neighborhoods. Concerning the six counties of the MSA, Knox is the most diverse whereas Union the least, though the share of Hispanics tops in Loudon and Asians in Knox. In terms of strategic planning, findings from this research can be used in creating equitable and sustainable urban communities that can improve the overall well-being of people by reducing racial/ethnic and socio-economic disparities that might occur as undesirable consequences of fast increasing diversity.     

GRAPES_SDM沙尘模式在新疆的客观检验

使用天气学检验方法,对新疆2008-2013年春季沙尘天气GRAPES_SDM沙尘模式预报情况进行检验评估,通过TS、预报效率等检验统计量分析了在新疆的预报效果,通过平均误差、均方根误差、误差标准差等格点误差和站点误差量的分析,分析了主要预报要素的客观检验结果,指出近地面气温和风速的误差为初始条件的不确定以及观测和预报分辨率尺度不一致造成的随机性误差。在此基础上给出了新疆南疆盆地和新疆东部地区数值预报业务的误差特征,并根据检验结果定性地分析了模式预报系统性和非系统性误差的可能来源。     

三种高分辨率格点降水预报检验方法的对比

客观有效的评估高分辨率模式格点降水的预报能力,不仅是模式发展中的基础问题,而且直接关系到目前中国气象局主推的格点天气预报业务。以ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)模式高分辨率降水格点预报资料、CMORPH(NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method)卫星与全国3×104个自动观测站的逐时降水量融合资料为基础,选择2015年6~8月55个降水个例,研究传统检验方法、面向对象MODE(Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation)方法、以及邻域法在高分辨率格点降水预报检验中的适用性及优缺点,以期为高分辨率格点降水的预报性能评估提供参考。主要结论如下:(1)尽管点对点的传统方法在高分辨率格点降水检验中存在一定的局限,但传统方法能够在空间上表现高分辨率格点降水预报技巧的地域性差异,在时间上刻画预报的整体性能,对高分辨率格点预报性能评估仍然具有重要的适用价值;(2)邻域法的显著优点在于一方面能够通过变换邻域窗获得不同空间尺度上的传统预报技巧,另一方面独有的FSS(Fractions Skill Score)技巧评分能够表现预报相对于观测降水在格点数量上的比值,结合FSS和不同邻域窗上的传统技巧评分,可以判别在多大空间尺度上能够获得较好的预报技巧;(3)MODE方法在变换卷积半径的基础上提取降水对象,基于降水对象不仅能统计模式的传统技巧评分和预报性能的尺度变化,还可以表现降水对象的质心距离、轴角、面积、强度、综合收益、位移距离等多种属性,这些属性首先为用户提供了模式预报性能的多视角表现,其次从侧面定量描述了模式对天气系统发展快慢、槽脊强弱等预报误差,具有独特的优势,但如何应用对象属性来提高实际的预报能力还存在一些困难。     

区域气候模式RegCM3在华东地区夏季的10年回报和2010年业务预报

利用国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式(BCC_CM1.0)嵌套区域气候模式RegCM3进行了近10年(1998-2007年)夏季回报及2010年华东夏季实时业务预报。从10年回报的模拟平均状况来看,模式基本能反映出中国东部夏季的平均状况,模式回报的夏季气温分布与实况较为相似,但回报的夏季降水量分布形态与实况有一定差异。使用国家气候中心六级Ps评分及简化的Ps评分对模式10年回报进行了评估。结果表明,该模式对华东地区夏季气温和降水有一定的跨季度预报能力,温度和降水10年平均Ps评分分别为69.9和60.9;对华东地区南部的气温及其东南部的降水有较好的回报效果。利用该模式进行了2010年夏季实时业务预报,预报检验表明,模式预报的2010年夏季温度距平和降水距平百分率分布与实况较为一致,夏季温度和降水的Ps评分分别为71.4和55.3;对影响较为严重的气候事件如江西降水极端偏多等也进行了准确预报。     

中国夏季降水预测因子潜在技巧分布图及应用

影响我国夏季汛期降水异常的因子繁多,不同因子之间复杂的相互作用制约我国夏季降水季节预测水平。目前动力模式对降水预测技巧水平较低,如何开发客观统计预报方法,提高我国夏季降水预报技巧依然存在挑战。该文基于最小二乘法拟合和交叉检验方法,提出一种搜索预测因子潜在预测技巧的方法（潜在技巧分布图）,并基于该方法开发预测因子自动选择器,建立中国夏季降水异常自动统计预测模型。与传统线性相关分析相比,潜在技巧分布图不受极端气候事件影响,可直观展现具有显著预测技巧的前兆信号,而预测因子自动选择器则能从潜在技巧分布图中自动筛选最优预测因子,获得逐年不同的预测因子,更符合中国夏季降水异常影响因子多样性的客观事实。在完全剔除预测当年信息的回报试验中,该预测模型对1999—2019年中国夏季汛期降水异常的历史回报技巧明显高于动力模式。通过方差订正,历史回报降水的PS评分从71.00分提高到82.10分,显示了该模型的潜在预报潜力。     

Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Evaluations Using an Alternative Verification Technique

In this study, six intensity forecast guidance techniques from the East China Regional Meteorological Center are verified for the 2008 and 2009 typhoon seasons through an alternative forecast verification technique. This technique is used to verify intensity forecasts if those forecasts call for a typhoon to dissipate or if the real typhoon dissipates. Using a contingency table, skill scores, chance, and probabilities are computed. It is shown that the skill of the six tropical cyclone intensity guidance techniques was highest for the 12-h forecasts, while the lowest skill of all the six models did not occur in 72-h forecasting. For both the 2008 and 2009 seasons, the average probabilities of the forecast intensity having a small error (6 m s-1) tended to decrease steadily. Some of the intensity forecasts had small skill scores, but the associated probabilities of the forecast intensity errors > 15 m s-1 were not the highest.     

An Effective Approach for Improving the Real-Time Prediction of Summer Rainfall over China

This paper has two purposes. One is to evaluate the ability of an atmospheric general circulation model (IAP9L-AGCM) to predict summer rainfall over China one season in advance. The other is to propose a new approach to improve the predictions made by the model. First, a set of hindcast experiments for summer climate over China during 1982-2010 are performed from the perspective of real-time prediction with the IAP9L-AGCM model and the IAP ENSO prediction system. Then a new approach that effectively combines the hind-cast with its correction is proposed to further improve the model’s predictive ability. A systematic evaluation reveals that the model’s real-time predictions for 41 stations across China show significant improvement using this new approach, especially in the lower reaches between the Yellow River and Yangtze River valleys.     

用图型聚类法作气温变化趋势的概率预报

利用相似概率预报原理,通过图型聚类方法制作了河北省分冷暖季节,分辨站点的气温变化趋势的客观概率预报,１９９８年暖季开始试应用,暖季预报的布赖尔等评分结果表明,图型聚类方法是制作气温变化趋势概率的合理可行的方法。