Three-dimensional modeling of bank erosion and morphological changes in the Shishou bend of the middle Yangtze River

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model to simulate morphological changes in alluvial channels due to bank erosion. A method for the simulation of bank erosion is established. This is incorporated into a 3-D mathematical model for turbulent flow and non-uniform, non-equilibrium sediment transport. This model is applied to simulate morphological changes in the Shishou bend of the middle Yangtze River in China, where serious bank erosions occurred during the last two decades. The double-layer sediment structure of the riverbank on the middle Yangtze River is taken into account in the bank erosion module. Both cohesive and non-cohesive bank material in the different layers are considered. The bank erosion module also includes other factors affecting the rate of bank erosion, such as the longitudinal length of failed bank, the thickness of each layer in the double-layer structure, and the erosion-resisting effect of cohesive material from the top layer of failed bank. A locally-adaptive grid system is proposed to efficiently simulate the lateral migration of alluvial channel due to bank erosion. The predictive capability of the 3-D model is examined by laboratory data. Simulated processes of bank erosion agree with field observations in the Shishou bend during the period of October 1996–October 1998, and the bank erosion module plays a significant role in simulating morphological changes of the study reach. In addition, the equivalent channel-forming discharge, which is defined as a constant discharge that can create the same amount of bank erosion in an alluvial channel as that created by natural runoff processes during the same period of time, is proposed to improve calculation efficiency for feasibility studies.     

潮沟成因类型及其影响因素的探讨

潮沟是潮坪上最活跃的微地貌单元。从成因角度分出了滩面水流冲剧型、潮流辐聚侵蚀型、陆源水流侵蚀继承型和泻湖广海间潮流侵蚀型等四种潮沟类型。根据各地潮沟发育程度的明显差异,提出了影响潮沟发育的七个重要因素。     

阿姆河右岸区域构造大剖面解析及成因探讨

阿姆河盆地右岸区块地理位置位于土库曼斯坦的阿姆河流域北侧至土库曼斯坦—乌兹别克斯坦国境线南侧之间,西南紧邻吉萨尔山脉,是中石油重要的海外油气勘探开发基地。开展其构造特征解析和成因机制探讨,对研究含盐盆地分层构造变形特征和促进能源勘探开发均具有重要意义。以构造建模和构造复原理论为指导,精细解释过阿姆河右岸区块的东西向地震大剖面,分析其地质结构特征和形成演化过程。结果表明：阿姆河右岸区块纵向上发育前二叠系基底和二叠系—第四系沉积盖层。以上侏罗统基末利—提塘阶膏盐岩为界,盐上和盐下构造形态具分层变形特征;盐上多发育陡窄的滑脱褶皱,断裂以倾向NW的小断距正断层和走滑断层为主;盐下多发育宽缓的冲断褶皱,断裂以倾向SE的大断距逆断层为主。受基底构造楔楔入影响,研究区自西向东构造抬升和挤压幅度逐渐增大。根据平衡剖面复原并结合区域地质背景,将研究区构造演化划分为前二叠纪基底形成期、二叠—三叠纪弧后裂谷期、侏罗—古近纪稳定沉积期和新近纪以来挤压抬升期共4期构造演化阶段。新生代多方向构造叠加影响、基底构造楔活动和膏盐岩对分层构造变形的调节作用是阿姆河盆地右岸地区纵向分层、横向分带构造特征的主要控制因素。

     

三峡库区塌岸预测新方法——岸坡结构法

水库塌岸是三峡库区重大地质灾害之一.通过三峡库区数百段库岸的塌岸地质现场调查和预测分析的基础上,提出了类似三峡这种山区河道型水库的塌岸预测新方法--岸坡结构法(RBSM),并给出了详细的图解方法和预测步骤.同时,开展了二滩、宝珠寺和龚咀三个运行中的类比水库和三峡水库(139m蓄水)的塌岸预测检验,验证结果表明该方法适宜于三峡水库以及类似的山区河道型水库塌岸预测,从而为水库塌岸预测与防治工程提供重要依据.     

三峡库区滑坡治理设计中主要问题的探讨

我国长江三峡库区范围内存在严重的滑坡灾害,为了防止这些滑坡在库水位上升后复活,主要通过排水工程、支挡工程、锚固法、减重和反压等处理手段的综合运用进行防护治理。这样,在治理设计进行中就出现了很多问题,而其中主要的问题则主要包括:c、取值对设计的影响,支挡结构后滑体稳定性,支挡结构前塌岸对滑体稳定性的影响以及库区滑坡护坡工程的适用性。本文以马家沟滑坡为例,对这些问题进行了分析讨论。     

成像测井在台缘斜坡礁滩微相研究中的应用——以土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸中部卡洛夫阶—牛津阶为例

以成像测井资料为基础,开展了土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸中部的中上侏罗统卡洛夫阶—牛津阶台缘斜坡礁滩沉积微相研究。首先利用岩心、薄片等资料对成像测井进行标定,在成像测井上识别出障积礁、粘结丘、高能生物碎屑滩、低能生物碎屑滩、低能砂屑滩、礁(滩)间和斜坡泥等7种沉积微相。然后通过对不同类型沉积微相的成像测井响应特征进行研究,建立了研究区碳酸盐岩成像测井相模式,主要包括亮斑相、暗斑相、低阻交错层状相、低阻变形层状相、互层相、块状相等6类,并以此为依据进行了连续的单井成像测井相划分与沉积微相解释。最后对沉积微相与储层物性关系进行了研究,认为研究区卡洛夫阶—牛津阶储层主要为裂缝-孔隙型礁滩储层,有利于储层发育的沉积微相主要为高能生物碎屑滩、低能砂屑滩、障积礁、低能生物碎屑滩和粘结丘,礁(滩)间和斜坡泥微相的岩性相对较致密,储层一般不发育。     

Riverine dominance of a nearshore marine demersal food web: evidence from stable isotope and C/N ratio analysis

The Thukela Bank, KwaZulu-Natal, supports a diverse ecosystem and South Africa’s only prawn fishery. Oceanographic studies suggest riverine input is not important for the biology of this system, whereas biological studies suggest the contrary, with prawn catches increasing with increased fluvial run-off. The aim of this study was to determine (i) the importance of riverine and marine organic matter for the Thukela Bank food web; and (ii) whether there are seasonal changes in the Thukela River stable isotope values, and, if so, whether these are reflected in the isotope values of demersal organisms. Estuarine organic matter, sediments and demersal organisms were collected from several sites across the bank in the wet and dry seasons of 2008, 2009 and 2010. Marine particulate organic matter was also collected in 2010 and analysed for δ13C and δ15N, as well as C/N ratios. There were strong seasonal changes in isotopic values of organic matter and fauna, especially faunal δ13C. There was an apparent time-lag in organisms assimilating riverine organic matter isotopic values, with the isotopic signature of demersal organisms reflecting that of riverine organic matter from the previous season, which is likely the result of tissue turnover time. In 2010, Thukela Bank sediment organic matter was of riverine origin and this maintained the demersal food web. We conclude that Thukela River organic matter is an important input to the food web of the Thukela Bank, indicating that any future damming of the catchment area could have serious consequences for this ecosystem.     

缢蛏滤除率与颗粒选择性的实验研究

利用4种不同大小的单细胞藻类作为饵料研究缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）的滤除率以及缢蛏对不同大小料颗粒的选择性。实验结果表明：3种规格缢蛏对4种单细胞藻类的滤除率表现出相同的变化规律，即随藻类规格的增大，缢蛏的滤除率亦逐渐变大，并且大规格缢蛏的滤除率变化最显著；在饵料颗粒选择性的实验中，小规格缢蛏对大规格（ESD＝8.83），藻类具有较高的选择性，中规格缢蛏对藻类的选择性不明显，而大规格缢蛏则对小规格（ESD＝4.46）藻类具较高的选择性。